{"id":4047,"date":"2026-03-31T06:27:12","date_gmt":"2026-03-31T06:27:12","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ksquareinstitute.in\/blog\/?p=4047"},"modified":"2026-04-03T12:43:55","modified_gmt":"2026-04-03T12:43:55","slug":"biomolecules-class-12-chemistry","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ksquareinstitute.in\/blog\/biomolecules-class-12-chemistry\/","title":{"rendered":"Biomolecules Class 12 PDF: Comprehensive NEET Study Guide"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<!DOCTYPE html>\n<html lang=\"en\">\n<head>\n    <meta charset=\"UTF-8\">\n    <meta name=\"viewport\" content=\"width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0\">\n    <link rel=\"preconnect\" href=\"https:\/\/fonts.googleapis.com\">\n    <link rel=\"preconnect\" href=\"https:\/\/fonts.gstatic.com\" crossorigin>\n    <link href=\"https:\/\/fonts.googleapis.com\/css2?family=DM+Sans:ital,opsz,wght@0,9..40,300..600;1,9..40,300..600&#038;family=JetBrains+Mono:wght@400;500;700&#038;family=Plus+Jakarta+Sans:wght@400;600;700;800&#038;display=swap\" rel=\"stylesheet\">\n    <style>\n        :root {\n            --accent: #e8600a;\n            --accent-light: #fff3ec;\n            --accent-mid: #fde3cc;\n            --dark: #111827;\n            --text: #1a1a1a;\n            --text-muted: #4b5563;\n            --border: #e5e7eb;\n            --green-bg: #f0fdf4;\n            --green-border: #16a34a;\n            --blue-bg: #eff6ff;\n            --blue-border: #3b82f6;\n        }\n\n        * { box-sizing: border-box; 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Biomolecules are the organic compounds that form the basis of life, driving the complex chemical processes within living organisms. From providing energy through carbohydrates to carrying genetic information via nucleic acids, these molecules are the building blocks of every biological entity. In this guide, we provide a high-yield summary of the entire chapter to boost your NEET percentile.<\/p>\n\n        <p>Living systems are composed of various complex organic compounds such as carbohydrates, proteins, enzymes, lipids, vitamins, and nucleic acids. These molecules interact with each other and constitute the molecular logic of life processes. Understanding their structure, classification, and chemical properties is a major focus area for competitive entrance examinations.<\/p>\n\n        <div class=\"card-grid\">\n            <div class=\"card\">\n                <span class=\"card-title\">CHEMICAL NATURE<\/span>\n                Most biomolecules are polymers or complex structures consisting of smaller repeating units called monomers.\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"card\">\n                <span class=\"card-title\">IMPORTANCE<\/span>\n                They provide energy, structural support, biological catalysis, and help in the transmission of hereditary traits.\n            <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n\n        <h2><div class=\"badge\">02<\/div><span>Classification in biomolecules class 12 chemistry: Carbohydrates<\/span><\/h2>\n        <p>Carbohydrates, also known as saccharides, are polyhydroxy aldehydes or ketones or compounds which produce them on hydrolysis. They are the most abundant biomolecules on Earth and serve as the primary energy source for most organisms.<\/p>\n\n        <div class=\"table-container\">\n            <table>\n                <thead>\n                    <tr>\n                        <th>Class<\/th>\n                        <th>Definition<\/th>\n                        <th>Examples<\/th>\n                    <\/tr>\n                <\/thead>\n                <tbody>\n                    <tr>\n                        <td>Monosaccharides<\/td>\n                        <td>Cannot be hydrolyzed further into simpler units.<\/td>\n                        <td>Glucose, Fructose, Ribose<\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                    <tr>\n                        <td>Oligosaccharides<\/td>\n                        <td>Yield 2 to 10 monosaccharide units on hydrolysis.<\/td>\n                        <td>Sucrose, Maltose, Lactose<\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                    <tr>\n                        <td>Polysaccharides<\/td>\n                        <td>Large polymers yielding many monosaccharide units.<\/td>\n                        <td>Starch, Cellulose, Glycogen<\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                <\/tbody>\n            <\/table>\n        <\/div>\n\n        <h3>Structure and Reactions of Glucose<\/h3>\n        <p>Glucose (C<sub>6<\/sub>H<sub>12<\/sub>O<sub>6<\/sub>) is an aldohexose. Its structure consists of an aldehyde group and five hydroxyl groups. In aqueous solution, it predominantly exists in cyclic forms known as &alpha;-D-glucopyranose and &beta;-D-glucopyranose.<\/p>\n\n        <div class=\"formula-dark\">\n            <span class=\"formula-dark-label\">KEY OXIDATION REACTION<\/span>\n            <div class=\"formula-dark-content\">\n                Glucose + Bromine Water &rarr; Gluconic Acid <br>\n                Glucose + Conc. HNO<sub>3<\/sub> &rarr; Saccharic Acid\n            <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n\n        <div class=\"callout tip\">\n            <div class=\"callout-pill\">TIP<\/div>\n            Sucrose is a <strong>non-reducing sugar<\/strong> because the reducing groups of glucose and fructose are involved in glycosidic bond formation. Maltose and Lactose are reducing sugars.\n        <\/div>\n\n        <!-- Promotional Banner 1 -->\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/courses.ksquare.co.in\/new-courses\/3-mission-180-neet-physics-rankers-batch\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\" style=\"display:block; margin-bottom:40px;\">\n          <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/ksquareinstitute.in\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/Course-Poromo-Banner-scaled.png\" alt=\"Mission 180 NEET Physics Rankers Batch - KSquare Career Institute\" style=\"width:100%; height:auto; border-radius:10px; display:block;\">\n        <\/a>\n\n        <h2><div class=\"badge\">03<\/div><span>Proteins and Amino Acids<\/span><\/h2>\n        <p>Proteins are the most versatile <strong>biomolecules class 12 chemistry<\/strong> students study. They are polymers of &alpha;-amino acids linked by peptide bonds. Amino acids contain both an amino (&minus;NH<sub>2<\/sub>) and a carboxyl (&minus;COOH) group attached to the same carbon atom.<\/p>\n\n        <div class=\"formula-orange\">\n            <span class=\"formula-orange-label\">ZWITTER ION FORMATION<\/span>\n            <div class=\"formula-orange-content\">\n                H<sub>2<\/sub>N&minus;CH(R)&minus;COOH &harr; H<sub>3<\/sub>N<sup>+<\/sup>&minus;CH(R)&minus;COO<sup>&minus;<\/sup>\n            <\/div>\n            <p style=\"font-size: 0.85rem; margin-top: 5px;\">(In neutral solution, amino acids exist as dipolar ions called Zwitterions.)<\/p>\n        <\/div>\n\n        <h3>Classification of Amino Acids<\/h3>\n        <ul>\n            <li><strong>Essential:<\/strong> Cannot be synthesized by the body; must be taken through diet (e.g., Valine, Leucine).<\/li>\n            <li><strong>Non-essential:<\/strong> Can be synthesized by the body (e.g., Glycine, Alanine).<\/li>\n            <li><strong>Acidic:<\/strong> Contain extra &minus;COOH (Aspartic acid).<\/li>\n            <li><strong>Basic:<\/strong> Contain extra &minus;NH<sub>2<\/sub> (Lysine).<\/li>\n        <\/ul>\n\n        <h2><div class=\"badge\">04<\/div><span>Structural Levels of Proteins<\/span><\/h2>\n        <p>The complexity of protein architecture is divided into four levels. This is a high-yield conceptual area for <strong>biomolecules class 12 chemistry<\/strong> MCQ practice.<\/p>\n\n        <div class=\"card-grid\">\n            <div class=\"card\">\n                <span class=\"card-title\">PRIMARY STRUCTURE<\/span>\n                The linear sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain. Any change here can cause diseases like Sickle Cell Anemia.\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"card\">\n                <span class=\"card-title\">SECONDARY STRUCTURE<\/span>\n                Folding due to H-bonding into &alpha;-helix or &beta;-pleated sheets.\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"card\">\n                <span class=\"card-title\">TERTIARY STRUCTURE<\/span>\n                Overall 3D folding involving disulfide, ionic, and hydrophobic interactions. It determines biological activity.\n            <\/div>\n            <div class=\"card\">\n                <span class=\"card-title\">QUATERNARY STRUCTURE<\/span>\n                Spatial arrangement of multiple polypeptide subunits (e.g., Hemoglobin).\n            <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n\n        <div class=\"callout warning\">\n            <div class=\"callout-pill\">WARN<\/div>\n            <strong>Denaturation:<\/strong> Exposure to heat or pH change disrupts secondary and tertiary structures but leaves the primary sequence intact. The protein loses its biological activity.\n        <\/div>\n\n        <h2><div class=\"badge\">05<\/div><span>Vitamins and Deficiency Diseases<\/span><\/h2>\n        <p>Vitamins are essential micronutrients required in small amounts for normal growth and health. A detailed table of vitamins is a staple for any <strong>biomolecules class 12 chemistry<\/strong> student.<\/p>\n\n        <div class=\"table-container\">\n            <table>\n                <thead>\n                    <tr>\n                        <th>Vitamin<\/th>\n                        <th>Solubility<\/th>\n                        <th>Deficiency Disease<\/th>\n                    <\/tr>\n                <\/thead>\n                <tbody>\n                    <tr>\n                        <td>Vitamin A (Retinol)<\/td>\n                        <td>Fat Soluble<\/td>\n                        <td>Xerophthalmia, Night Blindness<\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                    <tr>\n                        <td>Vitamin D (Calciferol)<\/td>\n                        <td>Fat Soluble<\/td>\n                        <td>Rickets (children), Osteomalacia<\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                    <tr>\n                        <td>Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid)<\/td>\n                        <td>Water Soluble<\/td>\n                        <td>Scurvy (bleeding gums)<\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                    <tr>\n                        <td>Vitamin B<sub>12<\/sub><\/td>\n                        <td>Water Soluble<\/td>\n                        <td>Pernicious Anemia<\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                    <tr>\n                        <td>Vitamin K<\/td>\n                        <td>Fat Soluble<\/td>\n                        <td>Increased blood clotting time<\/td>\n                    <\/tr>\n                <\/tbody>\n            <\/table>\n        <\/div>\n\n        <!-- Promotional Banner 2 -->\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/ksquareinstitute.in\/neet-2026-rank-predictor\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\" style=\"display:block; margin-bottom:40px;\">\n          <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/ksquareinstitute.in\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/neet-2026-college-and-rank-predictor-scaled.png\" alt=\"NEET 2026 Rank Predictor - KSquare Career Institute\" style=\"width:100%; height:auto; border-radius:10px; display:block;\">\n        <\/a>\n\n        <h2><div class=\"badge\">06<\/div><span>Nucleic Acids in biomolecules class 12 chemistry<\/span><\/h2>\n        <p>Nucleic acids are the biopolymers responsible for the storage and transmission of genetic information. There are two types: DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (Ribonucleic acid). They are composed of nucleotides, which consist of a pentose sugar, a nitrogenous base, and a phosphate group.<\/p>\n\n        <div class=\"formula-dark\">\n            <span class=\"formula-dark-label\">NUCLEOTIDE COMPONENTS<\/span>\n            <div class=\"formula-dark-content\">\n                Nucleoside = Sugar + Base <br>\n                Nucleotide = Sugar + Base + Phosphate\n            <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n\n        <h3>DNA vs RNA<\/h3>\n        <ul>\n            <li><strong>Sugar:<\/strong> DNA has 2-deoxyribose; RNA has ribose.<\/li>\n            <li><strong>Bases:<\/strong> DNA uses Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, and <strong>Thymine<\/strong>. RNA uses Uracil instead of Thymine.<\/li>\n            <li><strong>Structure:<\/strong> DNA is a double helix; RNA is usually single-stranded.<\/li>\n            <li><strong>Base Pairing:<\/strong> A pairs with T (2 H-bonds) and G pairs with C (3 H-bonds) in DNA.<\/li>\n        <\/ul>\n\n        <h2><div class=\"badge\">07<\/div><span>Enzymes and Hormones<\/span><\/h2>\n        <p>Enzymes are biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions with incredible specificity. They generally work by lower the activation energy of a reaction through the &#8220;Lock and Key&#8221; mechanism.<\/p>\n        \n        <div class=\"formula-orange\">\n            <span class=\"formula-orange-label\">ENZYME ACTION<\/span>\n            <div class=\"formula-orange-content\">\n                E + S &rarr; [ES] &rarr; E + P\n            <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n\n        <p>Hormones are chemical messengers produced in ductless glands and transported by blood to target organs. They help maintain biological balance (homeostasis). Examples include insulin (regulates blood sugar) and adrenaline (prepares body for stress).<\/p>\n\n        <div class=\"internal-links\">\n            <span class=\"internal-links-title\">ENHANCE YOUR NEET PREPARATION<\/span>\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/ksquareinstitute.in\/blog\/neet-physics-survival-kit-2026\/\">NEET Physics Survival Kit 2026<\/a>\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/ksquareinstitute.in\/blog\/organic-chemistry-strategy-neet\/\">Organic Chemistry Strategy for NEET<\/a>\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/ksquareinstitute.in\/blog\/neet-biology-tricks-for-exams\/\">NEET Biology Tricks for Exams<\/a>\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/ksquareinstitute.in\/blog\/score-340-in-neet-biology\/\">How to Score 340 in NEET Biology<\/a>\n            <a href=\"https:\/\/ksquareinstitute.in\/blog\/top-10-tricky-neet-biology-diagrams\/\">Top 10 Tricky Biology Diagrams<\/a>\n        <\/div>\n\n        <div class=\"revision-box\">\n            <h3>Quick Revision Summary<\/h3>\n            <ul>\n                <li><strong>Carbohydrates:<\/strong> General formula C<sub>x<\/sub>(H<sub>2<\/sub>O)<sub>y<\/sub>. Classified into mono, oligo, and polysaccharides.<\/li>\n                <li><strong>Glucose:<\/strong> An aldohexose; reduces Tollens&#8217; and Fehling&#8217;s reagents.<\/li>\n                <li><strong>Sucrose:<\/strong> Invert sugar; gives glucose and fructose on hydrolysis.<\/li>\n                <li><strong>Glycosidic Linkage:<\/strong> Bond between two monosaccharide units through oxygen.<\/li>\n                <li><strong>Amino Acids:<\/strong> Bifunctional molecules; &alpha;-amino acids build proteins.<\/li>\n                <li><strong>Peptide Bond:<\/strong> &minus;CO&minus;NH&minus; linkage between amino acids.<\/li>\n                <li><strong>Fibrous Proteins:<\/strong> Water-insoluble (Keratin, Myosin).<\/li>\n                <li><strong>Globular Proteins:<\/strong> Water-soluble (Insulin, Albumin).<\/li>\n                <li><strong>DNA bases:<\/strong> A, G, C, T. RNA bases: A, G, C, U.<\/li>\n                <li><strong>Vitamin C:<\/strong> Heat-labile; must be supplemented daily as it is water-soluble.<\/li>\n            <\/ul>\n            <a href=\"#\" class=\"download-btn\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">\n                <span>Download Biomolecules PDF<\/span>\n            <\/a>\n        <\/div>\n\n        <h2><div class=\"badge\">08<\/div><span>Frequently Asked Questions<\/span><\/h2>\n        <div class=\"faq-container\">\n            <details>\n                <summary>\n                    <span>What is the difference between a nucleoside and a nucleotide?<\/span>\n                    <div class=\"toggle-icon\">\n                        <svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"><path class=\"plus-path\" d=\"M12 5v14M5 12h14\"\/><path class=\"minus-path\" d=\"M5 12h14\"\/><\/svg>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/summary>\n                <div class=\"faq-answer\">A nucleoside is formed when a nitrogenous base is attached to the 1&#8242; position of a pentose sugar. When a phosphoric acid group is further attached to the 5&#8242; position of the sugar in a nucleoside, it becomes a nucleotide. Nucleotides are the monomers of nucleic acids.<\/div>\n            <\/details>\n            <details>\n                <summary>\n                    <span>Why is sucrose called invert sugar?<\/span>\n                    <div class=\"toggle-icon\">\n                        <svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"><path class=\"plus-path\" d=\"M12 5v14M5 12h14\"\/><path class=\"minus-path\" d=\"M5 12h14\"\/><\/svg>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/summary>\n                <div class=\"faq-answer\">Sucrose is dextrorotatory (+66.5&deg;). On hydrolysis, it gives an equimolar mixture of D-glucose (+52.5&deg;) and D-fructose (&minus;92.4&deg;). Since the resulting mixture is levorotatory, the sign of rotation has &#8220;inverted,&#8221; giving it the name invert sugar.<\/div>\n            <\/details>\n            <details>\n                <summary>\n                    <span>What happens during the denaturation of proteins?<\/span>\n                    <div class=\"toggle-icon\">\n                        <svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"><path class=\"plus-path\" d=\"M12 5v14M5 12h14\"\/><path class=\"minus-path\" d=\"M5 12h14\"\/><\/svg>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/summary>\n                <div class=\"faq-answer\">During denaturation, physical or chemical changes (like heat or pH) disrupt the hydrogen bonds and other attractive forces holding the secondary and tertiary structures. The protein uncoils, loses its 3D shape, and becomes biologically inactive, though the primary structure remains intact.<\/div>\n            <\/details>\n            <details>\n                <summary>\n                    <span>Why are vitamins A, D, E, and K called fat-soluble?<\/span>\n                    <div class=\"toggle-icon\">\n                        <svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"><path class=\"plus-path\" d=\"M12 5v14M5 12h14\"\/><path class=\"minus-path\" d=\"M5 12h14\"\/><\/svg>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/summary>\n                <div class=\"faq-answer\">These vitamins are soluble in organic solvents and lipids but insoluble in water. They are stored in the liver and adipose (fat-storing) tissues of the body. Because they are stored, excessive intake can lead to hypervitaminosis.<\/div>\n            <\/details>\n            <details>\n                <summary>\n                    <span>What is a glycosidic linkage?<\/span>\n                    <div class=\"toggle-icon\">\n                        <svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"><path class=\"plus-path\" d=\"M12 5v14M5 12h14\"\/><path class=\"minus-path\" d=\"M5 12h14\"\/><\/svg>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/summary>\n                <div class=\"faq-answer\">A glycosidic linkage is an ether linkage formed between two monosaccharide units through an oxygen atom, following the loss of a water molecule. It is the bond that joins individual sugar units to form disaccharides and polysaccharides.<\/div>\n            <\/details>\n            <details>\n                <summary>\n                    <span>How do enzymes differ from inorganic catalysts?<\/span>\n                    <div class=\"toggle-icon\">\n                        <svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"><path class=\"plus-path\" d=\"M12 5v14M5 12h14\"\/><path class=\"minus-path\" d=\"M5 12h14\"\/><\/svg>\n                    <\/div>\n                <\/summary>\n                <div class=\"faq-answer\">Enzymes are highly specific (one enzyme for one reaction), function optimally at body temperature (37&deg;C) and neutral pH, and are significantly more efficient than inorganic catalysts. Unlike inorganic catalysts, they are made of proteins.<\/div>\n            <\/details>\n        <\/div>\n\n        <div class=\"cta-section\">\n            <h2>Secure Your Medical Seat with KSquare<\/h2>\n            <p>Mastering <strong>biomolecules class 12 chemistry<\/strong> is a vital milestone for your NEET success. Join KSquare Institute&#8217;s Mission 180 Rankers Batch for expert-led lessons, comprehensive test series, and personalized doubt resolution to skyrocket your rank.<\/p>\n            <div class=\"cta-buttons\">\n                <a href=\"https:\/\/courses.ksquare.co.in\/new-courses\/3-mission-180-neet-physics-rankers-batch\" class=\"btn btn-white\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">Join Rankers Batch<\/a>\n                <a href=\"https:\/\/ksquareinstitute.in\/free-study-material\/\" class=\"btn btn-outline\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">Get Free Study Material<\/a>\n            <\/div>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<\/body>\n<\/html>\n\n\n\n<!DOCTYPE html>\n<html lang=\"en\">\n<head>\n  <meta charset=\"UTF-8\">\n  <meta name=\"viewport\" content=\"width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0\">\n  <title>Table of Contents \u2014 Chemistry Class 12<\/title>\n  \n  <!-- Google Fonts Import -->\n  <link rel=\"preconnect\" href=\"https:\/\/fonts.googleapis.com\">\n  <link rel=\"preconnect\" href=\"https:\/\/fonts.gstatic.com\" crossorigin>\n  <link href=\"https:\/\/fonts.googleapis.com\/css2?family=DM+Sans:ital,opsz,wght@0,9..40,100..1000;1,9..40,100..1000&#038;family=Plus+Jakarta+Sans:ital,wght@0,200..800;1,200..800&#038;display=swap\" rel=\"stylesheet\">\n  \n  <style>\n    \/* Scoped wrapper using a unique ID (#chemistry-toc-wrapper).\n       This ensures these styles do not leak and affect other parts of your website.\n    *\/\n    #chemistry-toc-wrapper {\n      font-family: 'DM Sans', sans-serif;\n      width: 100%;\n      margin: 0;\n      padding: 60px 0;\n      color: #111;\n      background: #fff;\n      -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;\n    }\n\n    #chemistry-toc-wrapper .container-inner {\n      width: 100%;\n      margin: 0 auto;\n      padding: 0; \/* Edge-to-edge layout *\/\n    }\n\n    #chemistry-toc-wrapper h1 {\n      font-family: 'Plus Jakarta Sans', sans-serif;\n      font-size: 0.85rem;\n      font-weight: 700;\n      color: #71717a;\n      margin: 0 0 8px;\n      letter-spacing: 0.1em;\n      text-transform: uppercase;\n      padding-left: 16px; \n    }\n\n    #chemistry-toc-wrapper h2 {\n      font-family: 'Plus Jakarta Sans', sans-serif;\n      font-size: 2.25rem;\n      font-weight: 800;\n      margin: 0 0 48px;\n      letter-spacing: -0.02em;\n      color: #09090b;\n      padding-left: 16px;\n    }\n\n    #chemistry-toc-wrapper table {\n      width: 100%;\n      border-collapse: collapse;\n      border-spacing: 0;\n      border-top: 1px solid #e4e4e7;\n      border-bottom: 1px solid #e4e4e7;\n    }\n\n    #chemistry-toc-wrapper tr {\n      border-bottom: 1px solid #e4e4e7;\n      transition: all 0.2s ease;\n    }\n\n    #chemistry-toc-wrapper tr:hover {\n      background-color: #f8fafc;\n    }\n\n    #chemistry-toc-wrapper tr:last-child {\n      border-bottom: none;\n    }\n\n    #chemistry-toc-wrapper td {\n      padding: 24px 16px;\n      vertical-align: middle;\n      font-size: 1.05rem;\n      font-weight: 500;\n      border-right: 1px solid #e4e4e7; \/* Column borders as per reference image *\/\n    }\n\n    #chemistry-toc-wrapper td:last-child {\n      border-right: none;\n    }\n\n    \/* Column 1: Index Numbers *\/\n    #chemistry-toc-wrapper td:first-child {\n      color: #a1a1aa;\n      font-size: 0.9rem;\n      width: 70px;\n      font-weight: 400;\n      font-variant-numeric: tabular-nums;\n      text-align: center;\n      padding-left: 10px;\n    }\n\n    \/* Column 2: Chapter Titles *\/\n    #chemistry-toc-wrapper td:nth-child(2) {\n      padding-left: 32px; \/* Breathing room before chapter text *\/\n      color: #18181b;\n    }\n\n    \/* Column 3: Action Button *\/\n    #chemistry-toc-wrapper td:last-child {\n      text-align: right;\n      width: 180px;\n      padding-right: 24px; \/* Space after the button *\/\n    }\n\n    \/* Premium Button Styling *\/\n    #chemistry-toc-wrapper a.go {\n      display: inline-block;\n      font-family: 'Plus Jakarta Sans', sans-serif;\n      font-size: 0.75rem;\n      font-weight: 800;\n      padding: 12px 24px;\n      border: 1.5px solid #18181b;\n      border-radius: 8px;\n      color: #18181b;\n      text-decoration: none;\n      letter-spacing: 0.05em;\n      text-transform: uppercase;\n      transition: all 0.2s cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1);\n      white-space: nowrap;\n    }\n\n    #chemistry-toc-wrapper a.go:hover {\n      background: #18181b;\n      color: #ffffff;\n      transform: translateY(-2px);\n      box-shadow: 0 4px 12px rgba(24, 24, 27, 0.15);\n    }\n\n    \/* Responsive Logic *\/\n    @media (max-width: 768px) {\n      #chemistry-toc-wrapper h2 {\n        font-size: 1.75rem;\n        margin-bottom: 32px;\n        padding-left: 12px;\n      }\n      #chemistry-toc-wrapper td {\n        padding: 18px 12px;\n        font-size: 0.95rem;\n      }\n      #chemistry-toc-wrapper td:nth-child(2) {\n        padding-left: 16px;\n      }\n    }\n  <\/style>\n<\/head>\n<body>\n\n<div id=\"chemistry-toc-wrapper\">\n  <div class=\"container-inner\">\n    <h1>Table of Contents<\/h1>\n    <h2>Chemistry &mdash; Class 12<\/h2>\n    \n    <table>\n      <tr><td>01<\/td><td>Solutions<\/td><td><a class=\"go\" href=\"https:\/\/ksquareinstitute.in\/blog\/solutions-chemistry-class-12-notes-pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Go to page<\/a><\/td><\/tr>\n      <tr><td>02<\/td><td>Electrochemistry<\/td><td><a class=\"go\" href=\"https:\/\/ksquareinstitute.in\/blog\/electrochemistry-class-12-notes-pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Go to page<\/a><\/td><\/tr>\n      <tr><td>03<\/td><td>Chemical Kinetics<\/td><td><a class=\"go\" href=\"https:\/\/ksquareinstitute.in\/blog\/chemical-kinetics-class-12-notes-pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Go to page<\/a><\/td><\/tr>\n      <tr><td>04<\/td><td>d- and f-Block Elements<\/td><td><a class=\"go\" href=\"https:\/\/ksquareinstitute.in\/blog\/d-and-f-block-elements-class-12-pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Go to page<\/a><\/td><\/tr>\n      <tr><td>05<\/td><td>Coordination Compounds<\/td><td><a class=\"go\" href=\"https:\/\/ksquareinstitute.in\/blog\/coordination-compounds-class-12-pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Go to page<\/a><\/td><\/tr>\n      <tr><td>06<\/td><td>Haloalkanes and Haloarenes<\/td><td><a class=\"go\" href=\"https:\/\/ksquareinstitute.in\/blog\/haloalkanes-and-haloarenes-class-12-pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Go to page<\/a><\/td><\/tr>\n      <tr><td>07<\/td><td>Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers<\/td><td><a class=\"go\" href=\"https:\/\/ksquareinstitute.in\/blog\/alcohols-phenols-ethers-class-12-pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Go to page<\/a><\/td><\/tr>\n      <tr><td>08<\/td><td>Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids<\/td><td><a class=\"go\" href=\"https:\/\/ksquareinstitute.in\/blog\/aldehydes-ketones-carboxylic-acids-class-12\" target=\"_blank\">Go to page<\/a><\/td><\/tr>\n      <tr><td>09<\/td><td>Amines<\/td><td><a class=\"go\" href=\"https:\/\/ksquareinstitute.in\/blog\/amines-class-12-notes-pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Go to page<\/a><\/td><\/tr>\n      <tr><td>10<\/td><td>Biomolecules<\/td><td><a class=\"go\" href=\"https:\/\/ksquareinstitute.in\/blog\/biomolecules-class-12-chemistry\" target=\"_blank\">Go to page<\/a><\/td><\/tr>\n    <\/table>\n  <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<\/body>\n<\/html>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>01 Introduction to biomolecules class 12 chemistry Mastering the concepts of biomolecules class 12 chemistry is fundamental for any medical aspirant aiming to excel in NEET. Biomolecules are the organic compounds that form the basis of life, driving the complex chemical processes within living organisms. From providing energy through carbohydrates to carrying genetic information via [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[127],"tags":[383,387,385,384,386],"class_list":["post-4047","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-free-study-material","tag-biomolecules-class-12-chemistry","tag-biomolecules-neet-notes","tag-biomolecules-notes-class-12","tag-carbohydrates-proteins-nucleic-acids-notes","tag-class-12-chemistry-biomolecules-chapter"],"blocksy_meta":{"page_structure_type":"type-1","styles_descriptor":{"styles":{"desktop":"","tablet":"","mobile":""},"google_fonts":[],"version":6}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/ksquareinstitute.in\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4047","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/ksquareinstitute.in\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/ksquareinstitute.in\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ksquareinstitute.in\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ksquareinstitute.in\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4047"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/ksquareinstitute.in\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4047\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4252,"href":"https:\/\/ksquareinstitute.in\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4047\/revisions\/4252"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/ksquareinstitute.in\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4047"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ksquareinstitute.in\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4047"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ksquareinstitute.in\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4047"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}