{"id":4006,"date":"2026-03-30T07:11:21","date_gmt":"2026-03-30T07:11:21","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ksquareinstitute.in\/blog\/?p=4006"},"modified":"2026-04-03T12:28:09","modified_gmt":"2026-04-03T12:28:09","slug":"semiconductor-electronics-class-12-notes","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ksquareinstitute.in\/blog\/semiconductor-electronics-class-12-notes\/","title":{"rendered":"Semiconductor Electronics Class 12 Notes: Diodes, Transistors &amp; Logic Gates for NEET"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<style>\n@import url('https:\/\/fonts.googleapis.com\/css2?family=DM+Sans:ital,wght@0,300;0,400;0,500;0,600;1,400&family=JetBrains+Mono:wght@400;500;700&family=Plus+Jakarta+Sans:wght@400;600;700;800&display=swap');\n\n:root {\n    --accent: #e8600a;\n    --accent-light: #fff3ec;\n    --accent-mid: #fde3cc;\n    --dark: #111827;\n    --text: #1a1a1a;\n    --text-muted: #4b5563;\n    --border: #e5e7eb;\n    --green-bg: #f0fdf4;\n    --green-border: #16a34a;\n    --blue-bg: #eff6ff;\n    --blue-border: #3b82f6;\n}\n\nbody {\n    font-family: 'DM Sans', sans-serif;\n    color: var(--text);\n    line-height: 1.7;\n    margin: 0;\n    padding: 0;\n    -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;\n}\n\nh2 {\n    font-family: 'Plus Jakarta Sans', sans-serif;\n    font-size: 26px;\n    font-weight: 700;\n    color: var(--dark);\n    margin: 0;\n    line-height: 1.2;\n}\n\nh3 {\n    font-family: 'Plus Jakarta Sans', sans-serif;\n    font-size: 20px;\n    font-weight: 700;\n    color: var(--dark);\n    margin: 28px 0 14px 0;\n}\n\n.content-wrapper {\n    width: 100%;\n    margin: 0 auto;\n}\n\n.inner-content {\n    padding: 0 0px;\n}\n\n@media (max-width: 768px) {\n    .inner-content { padding: 0 10px; 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font-size: 14px; color: var(--text-muted); text-transform: uppercase; letter-spacing: 0.5px; }\n.links-box a { display: block; color: var(--accent); text-decoration: none; font-weight: 600; font-size: 15px; margin-bottom: 8px; }\n.links-box a:hover { text-decoration: underline; }\n\n.download-btn {\n    background: var(--dark);\n    color: white;\n    padding: 12px 24px;\n    border-radius: 8px;\n    text-decoration: none;\n    display: inline-flex;\n    align-items: center;\n    gap: 10px;\n    font-weight: 700;\n    font-size: 14px;\n}\n\n@media (max-width: 640px) {\n    .grid-cards, .revision-list { grid-template-columns: 1fr; }\n    .cta-btns { flex-direction: column; }\n}\n<\/style>\n\n<div class=\"content-wrapper\">\n<div class=\"inner-content\">\n\n<div class=\"section-header\">\n    <div class=\"badge\">01<\/div>\n    <h2>Introduction to Semiconductors and Semiconductor Electronics class 12 notes<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n\n<p>The field of electronics was revolutionized by materials that have conductivity between that of conductors and insulators. These are known as semiconductors. In these <strong>Semiconductor Electronics class 12 notes<\/strong>, we examine how materials like Silicon (Si) and Germanium (Ge) become the foundation of modern technology. Understanding the energy band theory is key\u2014materials are classified based on the energy gap (E<sub>g<\/sub>) between the Valence Band and the Conduction Band.<\/p>\n\n<div class=\"grid-cards\">\n    <div class=\"mini-card\">\n        <span class=\"card-title\">ENERGY BAND THEORY<\/span>\n        <p class=\"card-body\">Insulators have a large gap (>3 eV), Conductors have overlapping bands, and Semiconductors have a small gap (~1 eV).<\/p>\n    <\/div>\n    <div class=\"mini-card\">\n        <span class=\"card-title\">TEMPERATURE EFFECT<\/span>\n        <p class=\"card-body\">As temperature increases, more electrons jump to the conduction band, increasing conductivity\u2014a property unique to semiconductors.<\/p>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"section-header\">\n    <div class=\"badge\">02<\/div>\n    <h2>Intrinsic and Extrinsic Semiconductors<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n\n<p>Semiconductors are divided into two main categories based on their purity. <strong>Intrinsic semiconductors<\/strong> are pure crystals where the number of free electrons (n<sub>e<\/sub>) exactly equals the number of holes (n<sub>h<\/sub>). However, for practical electronic devices, we need <strong>extrinsic semiconductors<\/strong>, which are created by a process called doping.<\/p>\n\n<div class=\"formula-dark\">\n    <span class=\"formula-label\">MASS ACTION LAW<\/span>\n    <p class=\"formula-mono-orange\">n<sub>e<\/sub> \u00b7 n<sub>h<\/sub> = n<sub>i<\/sub><sup>2<\/sup><\/p>\n    <p class=\"formula-mono-orange\">Valid for both intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors at equilibrium.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n<table>\n    <thead>\n        <tr>\n            <th>Type<\/th>\n            <th>Dopant Element<\/th>\n            <th>Majority Carrier<\/th>\n            <th>Minority Carrier<\/th>\n        <\/tr>\n    <\/thead>\n    <tbody>\n        <tr>\n            <td>n-type<\/td>\n            <td>Pentavalent (P, As, Sb)<\/td>\n            <td>Electrons<\/td>\n            <td>Holes<\/td>\n        <\/tr>\n        <tr>\n            <td>p-type<\/td>\n            <td>Trivalent (B, Al, Ga)<\/td>\n            <td>Holes<\/td>\n            <td>Electrons<\/td>\n        <\/tr>\n    <\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n<div class=\"callout tip\">\n    <div class=\"pill pill-tip\">TIP<\/div>\n    <div>An n-type or p-type semiconductor is electrically neutral as a whole, even though it has majority charge carriers.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<a href=\"https:\/\/courses.ksquare.co.in\/new-courses\/3-mission-180-neet-physics-rankers-batch\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\" style=\"display:block; margin-bottom:20px;\">\n  <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/ksquareinstitute.in\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/Course-Poromo-Banner-scaled.png\" alt=\"Mission 180 NEET Physics Rankers Batch - KSquare Career Institute\" style=\"width:100%; height:auto; border-radius:10px; display:block;\">\n<\/a>\n\n<div class=\"section-header\">\n    <div class=\"badge\">03<\/div>\n    <h2>p-n Junction: The Heart of Electronics<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n\n<p>When a p-type and n-type material are joined, a <strong>p-n junction<\/strong> is formed. Two processes occur simultaneously: Diffusion (due to concentration gradient) and Drift (due to electric field). This leads to a <strong>depletion region<\/strong>\u2014a layer void of mobile charge carriers\u2014and a <strong>barrier potential<\/strong> (V<sub>b<\/sub>) that opposes further diffusion.<\/p>\n\n<div class=\"formula-orange-box\">\n    <span class=\"formula-label\">BARRIER POTENTIAL (V<sub>b<\/sub>)<\/span>\n    <p class=\"formula-mono-red\">Silicon (Si) \u2248 0.7 V<\/p>\n    <p class=\"formula-mono-red\">Germanium (Ge) \u2248 0.3 V<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"section-header\">\n    <div class=\"badge\">04<\/div>\n    <h2>Biasing of p-n Junction Diode<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n\n<p>Biasing refers to the application of an external voltage to the junction. This is a fundamental concept in <strong>Semiconductor Electronics class 12 notes<\/strong> that explains how a diode acts as a one-way valve for current.<\/p>\n\n<div class=\"grid-cards\">\n    <div class=\"mini-card\">\n        <span class=\"card-title\">FORWARD BIAS<\/span>\n        <p class=\"card-body\">P-side to positive, N-side to negative. Depletion layer narrows, barrier height reduces, and large current flows.<\/p>\n    <\/div>\n    <div class=\"mini-card\">\n        <span class=\"card-title\">REVERSE BIAS<\/span>\n        <p class=\"card-body\">P-side to negative, N-side to positive. Depletion layer widens, barrier height increases, only a tiny leakage current flows.<\/p>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"section-header\">\n    <div class=\"badge\">05<\/div>\n    <h2>Special Purpose Diodes: Zener, LED, and Photodiodes<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n\n<p>Engineered junctions allow for specific behaviors. The <strong>Zener Diode<\/strong> is designed to operate in the reverse breakdown region without damage, making it perfect for voltage regulation. LEDs utilize the energy released during electron-hole recombination to produce light.<\/p>\n\n<div class=\"callout warning\">\n    <div class=\"pill pill-warning\">WARN<\/div>\n    <div>A Zener diode must always be connected in reverse bias to function as a voltage regulator. In forward bias, it acts like a normal diode.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"section-header\">\n    <div class=\"badge\">06<\/div>\n    <h2>Rectifiers: Converting AC to DC<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n\n<p>Diode&#8217;s unidirectional property is utilized in <strong>Rectifiers<\/strong>. A Half-wave rectifier uses one diode and converts only one half-cycle of AC, while a Full-wave rectifier (using two diodes or a bridge) utilizes both half-cycles, offering much higher efficiency.<\/p>\n\n<div class=\"formula-dark\">\n    <span class=\"formula-label\">RECTIFIER EFFICIENCY (\u03b7)<\/span>\n    <p class=\"formula-mono-orange\">Half Wave: \u03b7<sub>max<\/sub> = 40.6%<\/p>\n    <p class=\"formula-mono-orange\">Full Wave: \u03b7<sub>max<\/sub> = 81.2%<\/p>\n    <p class=\"formula-mono-orange\">Ripple Frequency (Full Wave) = 2 \u00d7 Input Frequency<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n<a href=\"https:\/\/ksquareinstitute.in\/neet-2026-rank-predictor\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\" style=\"display:block; margin-bottom:20px;\">\n  <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/ksquareinstitute.in\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/neet-2026-college-and-rank-predictor-scaled.png\" alt=\"NEET 2026 Rank Predictor - KSquare Career Institute\" style=\"width:100%; height:auto; border-radius:10px; display:block;\">\n<\/a>\n\n<div class=\"section-header\">\n    <div class=\"badge\">07<\/div>\n    <h2>Bipolar Junction Transistors (BJT)<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n\n<p>A transistor is a three-terminal device used for switching or amplification. It consists of three regions: Emitter (highly doped), Base (thin and lightly doped), and Collector (moderately doped, largest size). The core current relationship is a staple in <strong>Semiconductor Electronics class 12 notes<\/strong> numericals.<\/p>\n\n<div class=\"formula-orange-box\">\n    <span class=\"formula-label\">TRANSISTOR CURRENT RELATION<\/span>\n    <p class=\"formula-mono-red\">I<sub>E<\/sub> = I<sub>B<\/sub> + I<sub>C<\/sub><\/p>\n    <p class=\"formula-mono-red\">Current Gain (\u03b1) = I<sub>C<\/sub> \/ I<sub>E<\/sub><\/p>\n    <p class=\"formula-mono-red\">Current Gain (\u03b2) = I<sub>C<\/sub> \/ I<sub>B<\/sub><\/p>\n    <p class=\"formula-mono-red\">Relation: \u03b2 = \u03b1 \/ (1 &#8211; \u03b1)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"section-header\">\n    <div class=\"badge\">08<\/div>\n    <h2>Digital Electronics and Logic Gates<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n\n<p>Logic gates are the building blocks of digital circuits, operating on binary levels (0 and 1). Understanding truth tables for basic gates (NOT, OR, AND) and universal gates (NAND, NOR) is highly scoring for NEET.<\/p>\n\n<table>\n    <thead>\n        <tr>\n            <th>Gate<\/th>\n            <th>Logic Operation<\/th>\n            <th>Boolean Expression<\/th>\n        <\/tr>\n    <\/thead>\n    <tbody>\n        <tr>\n            <td>OR<\/td>\n            <td>Output 1 if any input is 1<\/td>\n            <td>Y = A + B<\/td>\n        <\/tr>\n        <tr>\n            <td>AND<\/td>\n            <td>Output 1 only if both are 1<\/td>\n            <td>Y = A \u00b7 B<\/td>\n        <\/tr>\n        <tr>\n            <td>NAND<\/td>\n            <td>Inverse of AND<\/td>\n            <td>Y = (A \u00b7 B)&#8217;<\/td>\n        <\/tr>\n    <\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n<div class=\"revision-box\">\n    <h3>Quick Revision: Semiconductor Electronics class 12 notes<\/h3>\n    <ul class=\"revision-list\">\n        <li>Forbidden gap in Si = 1.1 eV; Ge = 0.7 eV<\/li>\n        <li>Conductivity \u03c3 = e(n<sub>e<\/sub>\u03bc<sub>e<\/sub> + n<sub>h<\/sub>\u03bc<sub>h<\/sub>)<\/li>\n        <li>Depletion layer width increases in reverse bias<\/li>\n        <li>Zener diode works in breakdown region (Reverse Bias)<\/li>\n        <li>Photodiode is always operated in Reverse Bias<\/li>\n        <li>LED requires Forward Bias to emit light<\/li>\n        <li>Efficiency of Full Wave Rectifier is 81.2%<\/li>\n        <li>I<sub>E<\/sub> = I<sub>B<\/sub> + I<sub>C<\/sub> (Fundamental equation)<\/li>\n        <li>Phase difference in CE Amplifier is 180\u00b0<\/li>\n        <li>NAND and NOR are Universal Gates<\/li>\n        <li>A + A = A; A \u00b7 A = A (Boolean Algebra)<\/li>\n        <li>Voltage Gain A<sub>v<\/sub> = \u03b2 \u00b7 (R<sub>L<\/sub> \/ R<sub>i<\/sub>)<\/li>\n    <\/ul>\n    <a href=\"#\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\" class=\"download-btn\">\n        <svg width=\"18\" height=\"18\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M21 15v4a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H5a2 2 0 0 1-2-2v-4\"><\/path><polyline points=\"7 10 12 15 17 10\"><\/polyline><line x1=\"12\" y1=\"15\" x2=\"12\" y2=\"3\"><\/line><\/svg>\n        Download Formula Sheet PDF\n    <\/a>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"section-header\">\n    <div class=\"badge\">09<\/div>\n    <h2>FAQs: Semiconductor Electronics class 12 notes<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n\n<details>\n    <summary>Why is Silicon preferred over Germanium for diodes?<\/summary>\n    <div class=\"faq-answer\">\n        Silicon has a higher energy gap and much lower leakage current (reverse saturation current) compared to Germanium, making it more stable at higher temperatures.\n    <\/div>\n<\/details>\n\n<details>\n    <summary>What is the effect of doping on the depletion layer?<\/summary>\n    <div class=\"faq-answer\">\n        Increased doping concentration reduces the width of the depletion layer. This is why Zener diodes (which are heavily doped) have very thin depletion regions.\n    <\/div>\n<\/details>\n\n<details>\n    <summary>Why are NAND and NOR called universal gates?<\/summary>\n    <div class=\"faq-answer\">\n        Because any basic logic function (AND, OR, NOT) can be implemented using only NAND gates or only NOR gates.\n    <\/div>\n<\/details>\n\n<details>\n    <summary>Does a transistor amplify power or just current?<\/summary>\n    <div class=\"faq-answer\">\n        A transistor amplifies both current and voltage, which results in power amplification. It does this by using a small input signal to control a larger output power from a DC source.\n    <\/div>\n<\/details>\n\n<details>\n    <summary>What is the output frequency of a bridge rectifier?<\/summary>\n    <div class=\"faq-answer\">\n        The output frequency of a bridge rectifier is twice the input frequency (f<sub>out<\/sub> = 2f<sub>in<\/sub>).\n    <\/div>\n<\/details>\n\n<div class=\"links-box\">\n    <h4>Internal Physics Resources<\/h4>\n    <a href=\"https:\/\/ksquareinstitute.in\/blog\/neet-physics-survival-kit-2026\/\">NEET Physics Survival Kit 2026<\/a>\n    <a href=\"https:\/\/ksquareinstitute.in\/blog\/organic-chemistry-strategy-neet\/\">Organic Chemistry Master Strategy<\/a>\n    <a href=\"https:\/\/ksquareinstitute.in\/blog\/neet-biology-tricks-for-exams\/\">NEET Biology Exam Tricks<\/a>\n    <a href=\"https:\/\/ksquareinstitute.in\/blog\/score-340-in-neet-biology\/\">Score 340+ in Biology<\/a>\n    <a href=\"https:\/\/ksquareinstitute.in\/blog\/top-10-tricky-neet-biology-diagrams\/\">Tricky Biology Diagrams<\/a>\n<\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<section class=\"cta-section\">\n    <h2>Secure Your 180 in NEET Physics<\/h2>\n    <p>Don&#8217;t let complex chapters like <strong>Semiconductor Electronics class 12 notes<\/strong> hold you back. Join our Rankers Batch for conceptual clarity and 24\/7 doubt support.<\/p>\n    <div class=\"cta-btns\">\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/courses.ksquare.co.in\/new-courses\/3-mission-180-neet-physics-rankers-batch\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\" class=\"btn btn-white\">Join Mission 180<\/a>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/ksquareinstitute.in\/free-study-material\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\" class=\"btn btn-outline\">Free Study Material<\/a>\n    <\/div>\n<\/section>\n\n\n\n<!DOCTYPE html>\n<html lang=\"en\">\n<head>\n  <meta charset=\"UTF-8\">\n  <meta name=\"viewport\" content=\"width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0\">\n  <title>Table of Contents \u2014 Physics Class 12<\/title>\n  \n  <!-- Google Fonts Import -->\n  <link rel=\"preconnect\" href=\"https:\/\/fonts.googleapis.com\">\n  <link rel=\"preconnect\" href=\"https:\/\/fonts.gstatic.com\" crossorigin>\n  <link href=\"https:\/\/fonts.googleapis.com\/css2?family=DM+Sans:ital,opsz,wght@0,9..40,100..1000;1,9..40,100..1000&#038;family=Plus+Jakarta+Sans:ital,wght@0,200..800;1,200..800&#038;display=swap\" rel=\"stylesheet\">\n  \n  <style>\n    \/* Scoped wrapper using a unique ID to prevent CSS conflicts. *\/\n    #physics-toc-wrapper {\n      font-family: 'DM Sans', sans-serif;\n      width: 100%;\n      margin: 0;\n      padding: 60px 0;\n      color: #111;\n      background: #fff;\n      -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;\n    }\n\n    #physics-toc-wrapper .container-inner {\n      width: 100%;\n      margin: 0 auto;\n      padding: 0; \/* No left\/right padding for edge-to-edge look *\/\n    }\n\n    #physics-toc-wrapper h1 {\n      font-family: 'Plus Jakarta Sans', sans-serif;\n      font-size: 0.85rem;\n      font-weight: 700;\n      color: #71717a;\n      margin: 0 0 8px;\n      letter-spacing: 0.1em;\n      text-transform: uppercase;\n      padding-left: 16px; \n    }\n\n    #physics-toc-wrapper h2 {\n      font-family: 'Plus Jakarta Sans', sans-serif;\n      font-size: 2.25rem;\n      font-weight: 800;\n      margin: 0 0 48px;\n      letter-spacing: -0.02em;\n      color: #09090b;\n      padding-left: 16px;\n    }\n\n    #physics-toc-wrapper table {\n      width: 100%;\n      border-collapse: collapse;\n      border-spacing: 0;\n      border-top: 1px solid #e4e4e7;\n      border-bottom: 1px solid #e4e4e7;\n    }\n\n    #physics-toc-wrapper tr {\n      border-bottom: 1px solid #e4e4e7;\n      transition: all 0.2s ease;\n    }\n\n    #physics-toc-wrapper tr:hover {\n      background-color: #f8fafc;\n    }\n\n    #physics-toc-wrapper tr:last-child {\n      border-bottom: none;\n    }\n\n    #physics-toc-wrapper td {\n      padding: 24px 16px;\n      vertical-align: middle;\n      font-size: 1.05rem;\n      font-weight: 500;\n      border-right: 1px solid #e4e4e7;\n    }\n\n    #physics-toc-wrapper td:last-child {\n      border-right: none;\n    }\n\n    \/* First column (Numbers) alignment and padding *\/\n    #physics-toc-wrapper td:first-child {\n      color: #a1a1aa;\n      font-size: 0.9rem;\n      width: 70px;\n      font-weight: 400;\n      font-variant-numeric: tabular-nums;\n      text-align: center;\n      padding-left: 10px;\n    }\n\n    \/* Middle column (Chapter Name) alignment and padding *\/\n    #physics-toc-wrapper td:nth-child(2) {\n      padding-left: 24px;\n      color: #18181b;\n    }\n\n    \/* Last column (Button) alignment and padding *\/\n    #physics-toc-wrapper td:last-child {\n      text-align: right;\n      width: 180px;\n      padding-right: 16px;\n    }\n\n    \/* Button Styling *\/\n    #physics-toc-wrapper a.go {\n      display: inline-block;\n      font-family: 'Plus Jakarta Sans', sans-serif;\n      font-size: 0.75rem;\n      font-weight: 800;\n      padding: 12px 24px;\n      border: 1.5px solid #18181b;\n      border-radius: 8px;\n      color: #18181b;\n      text-decoration: none;\n      letter-spacing: 0.05em;\n      text-transform: uppercase;\n      transition: all 0.2s cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1);\n      white-space: nowrap;\n    }\n\n    #physics-toc-wrapper a.go:hover {\n      background: #18181b;\n      color: #ffffff;\n      transform: translateY(-2px);\n      box-shadow: 0 4px 12px rgba(24, 24, 27, 0.15);\n    }\n\n    \/* Responsive adjustments *\/\n    @media (max-width: 768px) {\n      #physics-toc-wrapper h2 {\n        font-size: 1.75rem;\n        margin-bottom: 32px;\n      }\n      #physics-toc-wrapper td {\n        padding: 18px 12px;\n        font-size: 0.95rem;\n      }\n    }\n  <\/style>\n<\/head>\n<body>\n\n<div id=\"physics-toc-wrapper\">\n  <div class=\"container-inner\">\n    <h1>Table of Contents<\/h1>\n    <h2>Physics &mdash; Class 12<\/h2>\n    \n    <table>\n      <tr><td>01<\/td><td>Electric Charges and Fields<\/td><td><a class=\"go\" href=\"https:\/\/ksquareinstitute.in\/blog\/electric-charges-and-fields-class-12-notes-pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Go to page<\/a><\/td><\/tr>\n      <tr><td>02<\/td><td>Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance<\/td><td><a class=\"go\" href=\"https:\/\/ksquareinstitute.in\/blog\/electrostatic-potential-and-capacitance-notes-class-12\" target=\"_blank\">Go to page<\/a><\/td><\/tr>\n      <tr><td>03<\/td><td>Current Electricity<\/td><td><a class=\"go\" href=\"https:\/\/ksquareinstitute.in\/blog\/current-electricity-class-12-notes-pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Go to page<\/a><\/td><\/tr>\n      <tr><td>04<\/td><td>Moving Charges and Magnetism<\/td><td><a class=\"go\" href=\"https:\/\/ksquareinstitute.in\/blog\/moving-charges-and-magnetism-class-12-notes\" target=\"_blank\">Go to page<\/a><\/td><\/tr>\n      <tr><td>05<\/td><td>Magnetism and Matter<\/td><td><a class=\"go\" href=\"https:\/\/ksquareinstitute.in\/blog\/magnetism-and-matter-class-12-notes-pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Go to page<\/a><\/td><\/tr>\n      <tr><td>06<\/td><td>Electromagnetic Induction<\/td><td><a class=\"go\" href=\"https:\/\/ksquareinstitute.in\/blog\/electromagnetic-induction-class-12-notes\" target=\"_blank\">Go to page<\/a><\/td><\/tr>\n      <tr><td>07<\/td><td>Alternating Current<\/td><td><a class=\"go\" href=\"https:\/\/ksquareinstitute.in\/blog\/alternating-current-class-12-notes\" target=\"_blank\">Go to page<\/a><\/td><\/tr>\n      <tr><td>08<\/td><td>Electromagnetic Waves<\/td><td><a class=\"go\" href=\"https:\/\/ksquareinstitute.in\/blog\/electromagnetic-waves-class-12-notes\" target=\"_blank\">Go to page<\/a><\/td><\/tr>\n      <tr><td>09<\/td><td>Ray Optics and Optical Instruments<\/td><td><a class=\"go\" href=\"https:\/\/ksquareinstitute.in\/blog\/ray-optics-and-optical-instruments-class-12\" target=\"_blank\">Go to page<\/a><\/td><\/tr>\n      <tr><td>10<\/td><td>Wave Optics<\/td><td><a class=\"go\" href=\"https:\/\/ksquareinstitute.in\/blog\/wave-optics-class-12-notes-pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Go to page<\/a><\/td><\/tr>\n      <tr><td>11<\/td><td>Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter<\/td><td><a class=\"go\" href=\"https:\/\/ksquareinstitute.in\/blog\/dual-nature-of-radiation-and-matter-class-12\" target=\"_blank\">Go to page<\/a><\/td><\/tr>\n      <tr><td>12<\/td><td>Atoms<\/td><td><a class=\"go\" href=\"https:\/\/ksquareinstitute.in\/blog\/atoms-class-12-notes\" target=\"_blank\">Go to page<\/a><\/td><\/tr>\n      <tr><td>13<\/td><td>Nuclei<\/td><td><a class=\"go\" href=\"https:\/\/ksquareinstitute.in\/blog\/nuclei-class-12-notes\" target=\"_blank\">Go to page<\/a><\/td><\/tr>\n      <tr><td>14<\/td><td>Semiconductor Electronics<\/td><td><a class=\"go\" href=\"https:\/\/ksquareinstitute.in\/blog\/semiconductor-electronics-class-12-notes\" target=\"_blank\">Go to page<\/a><\/td><\/tr>\n    <\/table>\n  <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<\/body>\n<\/html>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>01 Introduction to Semiconductors and Semiconductor Electronics class 12 notes The field of electronics was revolutionized by materials that have conductivity between that of conductors and insulators. These are known as semiconductors. In these Semiconductor Electronics class 12 notes, we examine how materials like Silicon (Si) and Germanium (Ge) become the foundation of modern technology. [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[127],"tags":[294,291,292,295,293],"class_list":["post-4006","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-free-study-material","tag-logic-gates-class-12","tag-pn-junction-diode","tag-semiconductor-electronics-class-12-notes","tag-semiconductor-electronics-notes","tag-transistor-class-12"],"blocksy_meta":{"page_structure_type":"type-1","styles_descriptor":{"styles":{"desktop":"","tablet":"","mobile":""},"google_fonts":[],"version":6}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/ksquareinstitute.in\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4006","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/ksquareinstitute.in\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/ksquareinstitute.in\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ksquareinstitute.in\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ksquareinstitute.in\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4006"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/ksquareinstitute.in\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4006\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4231,"href":"https:\/\/ksquareinstitute.in\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4006\/revisions\/4231"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/ksquareinstitute.in\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4006"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ksquareinstitute.in\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4006"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ksquareinstitute.in\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4006"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}