{"id":3991,"date":"2026-03-30T04:43:10","date_gmt":"2026-03-30T04:43:10","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ksquareinstitute.in\/blog\/?p=3991"},"modified":"2026-04-03T12:25:36","modified_gmt":"2026-04-03T12:25:36","slug":"alternating-current-class-12-notes","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ksquareinstitute.in\/blog\/alternating-current-class-12-notes\/","title":{"rendered":"Alternating Current Class 12 Notes: Complete NEET Physics Guide &#038; Formula Sheet"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<style>\n@import url('https:\/\/fonts.googleapis.com\/css2?family=DM+Sans:ital,wght@0,300;0,400;0,500;0,600;1,400&family=JetBrains+Mono:wght@400;500;700&family=Plus+Jakarta+Sans:wght@400;600;700;800&display=swap');\n\n:root {\n    --accent: #e8600a;\n    --accent-light: #fff3ec;\n    --accent-mid: #fde3cc;\n    --dark: #111827;\n    --text: #1a1a1a;\n    --text-muted: #4b5563;\n    --border: #e5e7eb;\n    --green-bg: #f0fdf4;\n    --green-border: #16a34a;\n    --blue-bg: #eff6ff;\n    --blue-border: #3b82f6;\n}\n\nbody {\n    font-family: 'DM Sans', sans-serif;\n    color: var(--text);\n    line-height: 1.7;\n    margin: 0;\n    padding: 0;\n    -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;\n}\n\n\/* Adjusted Heading Sizes *\/\nh2 {\n    font-family: 'Plus Jakarta Sans', sans-serif;\n    font-size: 22px;\n    font-weight: 700;\n    color: var(--dark);\n    margin: 0;\n    line-height: 1.3;\n}\n\nh3 {\n    font-family: 'Plus Jakarta Sans', sans-serif;\n    font-size: 18px;\n    font-weight: 700;\n    color: var(--dark);\n    margin: 24px 0 12px 0;\n}\n\n.section-wrapper {\n    display: flex;\n    align-items: center;\n    gap: 12px;\n    margin: 40px 0 16px 0;\n}\n\n.badge {\n    width: 42px;\n    height: 42px;\n    background-color: var(--accent);\n    color: white;\n    display: flex;\n    align-items: center;\n    justify-content: center;\n    border-radius: 4px;\n    font-weight: 700;\n    font-family: 'Plus Jakarta Sans', sans-serif;\n    font-size: 16px;\n    flex-shrink: 0;\n}\n\n.formula-dark {\n    background: var(--dark);\n    border-left: 4px solid var(--accent);\n    padding: 20px;\n    margin: 20px 0;\n    border-radius: 0 8px 8px 0;\n}\n\n.formula-label {\n    font-family: 'Plus Jakarta Sans', sans-serif;\n    font-size: 10px;\n    text-transform: uppercase;\n    color: #9ca3af;\n    letter-spacing: 1px;\n    margin-bottom: 8px;\n    display: block;\n}\n\n.formula-text-orange {\n    color: var(--accent);\n    font-family: 'JetBrains Mono', monospace;\n    font-size: 16px;\n    margin: 0;\n    font-weight: 500;\n}\n\n.formula-orange {\n    background: var(--accent-light);\n    border: 1px solid var(--accent-mid);\n    border-left: 4px solid var(--accent);\n    padding: 20px;\n    margin: 20px 0;\n    border-radius: 0 8px 8px 0;\n}\n\n.formula-text-dark {\n    color: #991b1b;\n    font-family: 'JetBrains Mono', monospace;\n    font-size: 16px;\n    margin: 0;\n    font-weight: 500;\n}\n\n.callout {\n    padding: 16px 20px;\n    border-radius: 8px;\n    margin: 20px 0;\n    border: 1px solid;\n    display: flex;\n    flex-direction: column;\n    gap: 6px;\n}\n\n.callout.warning { background: #fff7ed; 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position: absolute; left: 0; color: var(--green-border); }\n\n.cta-section {\n    background: linear-gradient(135deg, #e8600a, #c2410c, #9a3412);\n    padding: 50px 20px;\n    text-align: center;\n    color: white;\n    margin-top: 40px;\n}\n\n.cta-section h2 { color: white; font-size: 26px; margin-bottom: 12px; }\n.cta-section p { color: rgba(255,255,255,0.85); font-size: 15px; }\n\n.cta-buttons { display: flex; gap: 12px; justify-content: center; margin-top: 25px; }\n\n.btn { padding: 10px 24px; border-radius: 6px; font-weight: 700; text-decoration: none; font-size: 14px; }\n.btn-white { background: white; color: var(--accent); }\n.btn-outline { border: 2px solid white; color: white; }\n\n.internal-links {\n    background: #f9fafb;\n    border: 1px solid var(--border);\n    border-radius: 10px;\n    padding: 18px;\n    margin: 30px 0;\n}\n\n.internal-links h4 { margin: 0 0 12px 0; font-size: 13px; color: var(--text-muted); text-transform: uppercase; }\n.internal-links a { display: block; color: var(--accent); text-decoration: none; font-weight: 600; font-size: 14px; margin-bottom: 6px; }\n\n.download-btn {\n    background: var(--dark);\n    color: white;\n    padding: 10px 20px;\n    border-radius: 6px;\n    text-decoration: none;\n    display: inline-flex;\n    align-items: center;\n    gap: 8px;\n    font-weight: 600;\n    font-size: 13px;\n    margin-top: 12px;\n}\n\n@media (max-width: 768px) {\n    .grid-cards, .revision-list { grid-template-columns: 1fr; }\n    h2 { font-size: 19px; }\n    h3 { font-size: 17px; }\n}\n<\/style>\n\n<div class=\"content-padding\">\n\n<div class=\"section-wrapper\">\n    <div class=\"badge\">01<\/div>\n    <h2>Introduction to Alternating Current (AC)<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n\n<p>For any medical aspirant, mastering <strong>Alternating Current class 12 notes<\/strong> is pivotal for scoring high in the Physics section. Unlike Direct Current (DC), which flows in a single constant direction, Alternating Current is characterized by its periodic reversal of direction and continuous change in magnitude. In our daily lives, from the ceiling fans to the complex medical imaging equipment in hospitals, AC is the primary form of electrical energy utilized due to its ease of transmission over long distances.<\/p>\n\n<div class=\"callout tip\">\n    <div class=\"pill pill-tip\">TIP<\/div>\n    <div>Remember: In India, the standard household AC supply has a frequency of 50 Hz, meaning the current changes its direction 100 times every second.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<p>The core difference between AC and DC lies in their graphical representation. While DC is represented by a straight horizontal line on a Voltage-Time graph, AC follows a sinusoidal waveform, oscillating between positive and negative peaks. The primary source of AC is the AC generator, which operates on the principle of electromagnetic induction.<\/p>\n\n<div class=\"section-wrapper\">\n    <div class=\"badge\">02<\/div>\n    <h2>Mathematical Representation of AC<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n\n<p>To solve numerical problems in <strong>Alternating Current class 12 notes<\/strong>, one must be proficient in the mathematical expressions that describe the behavior of AC. Since the value of current and voltage changes at every microsecond, we use instantaneous equations.<\/p>\n\n<div class=\"formula-dark\">\n    <span class=\"formula-label\">INSTANTANEOUS VALUES<\/span>\n    <p class=\"formula-text-orange\">i = I<sub>0<\/sub> sin(\u03c9t)<\/p>\n    <p class=\"formula-text-orange\">v = V<sub>0<\/sub> sin(\u03c9t)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"grid-cards\">\n    <div class=\"mini-card\">\n        <span class=\"card-title\">PEAK VALUE (I<sub>0<\/sub>)<\/span>\n        <p class=\"card-body\">The maximum amplitude reached by the current in either direction during a cycle.<\/p>\n    <\/div>\n    <div class=\"mini-card\">\n        <span class=\"card-title\">ANGULAR FREQUENCY (\u03c9)<\/span>\n        <p class=\"card-body\">Calculated as \u03c9 = 2\u03c0f, representing the rate of change of phase.<\/p>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<a href=\"https:\/\/courses.ksquare.co.in\/new-courses\/3-mission-180-neet-physics-rankers-batch\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\" style=\"display:block; margin-bottom:20px;\">\n  <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/ksquareinstitute.in\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/Course-Poromo-Banner-scaled.png\" alt=\"Mission 180 NEET Physics Rankers Batch\" style=\"width:100%; height:auto; border-radius:10px; display:block;\">\n<\/a>\n\n<div class=\"section-wrapper\">\n    <div class=\"badge\">03<\/div>\n    <h2>RMS (Root Mean Square) Values<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n\n<p>The RMS value is that value of DC which would produce the same amount of heat in a given resistor as the AC does over one full cycle. In <strong>Alternating Current class 12 notes<\/strong>, this is often called the &#8220;effective&#8221; value.<\/p>\n\n<div class=\"formula-orange\">\n    <span class=\"formula-label\">RMS CALCULATIONS<\/span>\n    <p class=\"formula-text-dark\">I<sub>rms<\/sub> = I<sub>0<\/sub> \/ \u221a2 \u2248 0.707 I<sub>0<\/sub><\/p>\n    <p class=\"formula-text-dark\">V<sub>rms<\/sub> = V<sub>0<\/sub> \/ \u221a2 \u2248 0.707 V<sub>0<\/sub><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"section-wrapper\">\n    <div class=\"badge\">04<\/div>\n    <h2>AC in Pure Resistive, Inductive, and Capacitive Circuits<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n\n<p>How different components react to AC determines the phase relationship between current and voltage. This is a critical concept for NEET numericals.<\/p>\n\n<table>\n    <thead>\n        <tr>\n            <th>Circuit Type<\/th>\n            <th>Opposition<\/th>\n            <th>Phase Relationship<\/th>\n            <th>Avg. Power<\/th>\n        <\/tr>\n    <\/thead>\n    <tbody>\n        <tr>\n            <td>Resistive<\/td>\n            <td>R<\/td>\n            <td>In Phase (0\u00b0)<\/td>\n            <td>V<sub>rms<\/sub>I<sub>rms<\/sub><\/td>\n        <\/tr>\n        <tr>\n            <td>Inductive<\/td>\n            <td>X<sub>L<\/sub> = \u03c9L<\/td>\n            <td>Current lags by 90\u00b0<\/td>\n            <td>0<\/td>\n        <\/tr>\n        <tr>\n            <td>Capacitive<\/td>\n            <td>X<sub>C<\/sub> = 1\/\u03c9C<\/td>\n            <td>Current leads by 90\u00b0<\/td>\n            <td>0<\/td>\n        <\/tr>\n    <\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n<div class=\"section-wrapper\">\n    <div class=\"badge\">05<\/div>\n    <h2>Series LCR Circuit &#038; Impedance<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n\n<p>In a series LCR circuit, the combined opposition offered by R, L, and C is known as Impedance (Z). This governs the total current flow in the circuit.<\/p>\n\n<div class=\"formula-dark\">\n    <span class=\"formula-label\">LCR IMPEDANCE<\/span>\n    <p class=\"formula-text-orange\">Z = \u221a[R<sup>2<\/sup> + (X<sub>L<\/sub> &#8211; X<sub>C<\/sub>)<sup>2<\/sup>]<\/p>\n    <p class=\"formula-text-orange\">tan \u03c6 = (X<sub>L<\/sub> &#8211; X<sub>C<\/sub>) \/ R<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"section-wrapper\">\n    <div class=\"badge\">06<\/div>\n    <h2>Resonance in AC Circuits<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n\n<p>Resonance occurs when X<sub>L<\/sub> = X<sub>C<\/sub>. At this specific frequency, the impedance is minimum (Z = R) and the current flowing through the circuit is maximum.<\/p>\n\n<div class=\"formula-orange\">\n    <span class=\"formula-label\">RESONANT FREQUENCY<\/span>\n    <p class=\"formula-text-dark\">f<sub>0<\/sub> = 1 \/ [2\u03c0 \u221a(LC)]<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n<a href=\"https:\/\/ksquareinstitute.in\/neet-2026-rank-predictor\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\" style=\"display:block; margin-bottom:20px;\">\n  <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/ksquareinstitute.in\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/neet-2026-college-and-rank-predictor-scaled.png\" alt=\"NEET 2026 Rank Predictor\" style=\"width:100%; height:auto; border-radius:10px; display:block;\">\n<\/a>\n\n<div class=\"section-wrapper\">\n    <div class=\"badge\">07<\/div>\n    <h2>Power in AC Circuits &#038; Wattless Current<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n\n<p>Power in AC is not simply V \u00d7 I. We must multiply by the Power Factor (cos \u03c6). When \u03c6 = 90\u00b0 (in pure L or C circuits), the average power is zero, leading to the concept of Wattless Current.<\/p>\n\n<div class=\"formula-dark\">\n    <span class=\"formula-label\">POWER FORMULA<\/span>\n    <p class=\"formula-text-orange\">P<sub>avg<\/sub> = V<sub>rms<\/sub> I<sub>rms<\/sub> cos \u03c6<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"section-wrapper\">\n    <div class=\"badge\">08<\/div>\n    <h2>Transformers: Principle and Types<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n\n<p>Transformers work on the principle of <strong>mutual induction<\/strong>. They are used to step up or step down AC voltage for efficient transmission and appliance safety.<\/p>\n\n<div class=\"formula-orange\">\n    <span class=\"formula-label\">TRANSFORMATION RATIO<\/span>\n    <p class=\"formula-text-dark\">V<sub>s<\/sub> \/ V<sub>p<\/sub> = N<sub>s<\/sub> \/ N<sub>p<\/sub> = I<sub>p<\/sub> \/ I<sub>s<\/sub><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"revision-box\">\n    <h3>Quick Revision Summary<\/h3>\n    <ul class=\"revision-list\">\n        <li>V<sub>rms<\/sub> = V<sub>0<\/sub> \/ \u221a2<\/li>\n        <li>X<sub>L<\/sub> = \u03c9L, X<sub>C<\/sub> = 1\/\u03c9C<\/li>\n        <li>At resonance X<sub>L<\/sub> = X<sub>C<\/sub><\/li>\n        <li>Impedance Z = \u221a[R<sup>2<\/sup> + (X<sub>L<\/sub>-X<sub>C<\/sub>)<sup>2<\/sup>]<\/li>\n        <li>Power factor cos \u03c6 = R\/Z<\/li>\n        <li>Q-Factor measures resonance sharpness<\/li>\n        <li>Wattless current occurs at \u03c6 = 90\u00b0<\/li>\n        <li>Transformer: V<sub>s<\/sub>\/V<sub>p<\/sub> = N<sub>s<\/sub>\/N<sub>p<\/sub><\/li>\n        <li>Copper loss is due to heating in coils<\/li>\n        <li>Eddy currents cause core heating<\/li>\n    <\/ul>\n    <a href=\"#\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\" class=\"download-btn\">\n        Download Summary Sheet\n    <\/a>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"section-wrapper\">\n    <div class=\"badge\">09<\/div>\n    <h2>Common Mistakes &#038; Strategy<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"callout warning\">\n    <div class=\"pill pill-warning\">WARN<\/div>\n    <div>Avoid confusing Peak Value with RMS. If a question says &#8220;220V supply,&#8221; it is always the RMS value unless stated otherwise.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"section-wrapper\">\n    <div class=\"badge\">10<\/div>\n    <h2>FAQs: Alternating Current<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n\n<details>\n    <summary>Why does a capacitor block DC but allow AC?<\/summary>\n    <div class=\"faq-answer\">\n        For DC, f = 0, so X<sub>C<\/sub> = 1\/0 = \u221e. The capacitor offers infinite resistance to DC. For AC, f > 0, so X<sub>C<\/sub> has a finite value.\n    <\/div>\n<\/details>\n\n<details>\n    <summary>What is the Power Factor of a pure inductor?<\/summary>\n    <div class=\"faq-answer\">\n        For a pure inductor, \u03c6 = 90\u00b0. Since cos 90\u00b0 = 0, the power factor is zero.\n    <\/div>\n<\/details>\n\n<details>\n    <summary>How can we reduce Eddy current losses in transformers?<\/summary>\n    <div class=\"faq-answer\">\n        By using a laminated iron core instead of a solid block, which increases resistance and reduces current loops.\n    <\/div>\n<\/details>\n\n<details>\n    <summary>Is AC current more dangerous than DC?<\/summary>\n    <div class=\"faq-answer\">\n        Yes, because for a given voltage (say 220V), the peak voltage of AC is ~311V, which can cause a more severe shock than 220V DC.\n    <\/div>\n<\/details>\n\n<details>\n    <summary>What is the Q-factor in an LCR circuit?<\/summary>\n    <div class=\"faq-answer\">\n        Q-factor (Quality Factor) represents the sharpness of the resonance curve and is calculated as Q = (1\/R) \u221a(L\/C).\n    <\/div>\n<\/details>\n\n<div class=\"internal-links\">\n    <h4>Must-Read for NEET 2026<\/h4>\n    <a href=\"https:\/\/ksquareinstitute.in\/blog\/neet-physics-survival-kit-2026\/\">NEET Physics Survival Kit 2026<\/a>\n    <a href=\"https:\/\/ksquareinstitute.in\/blog\/organic-chemistry-strategy-neet\/\">Organic Chemistry Strategy<\/a>\n    <a href=\"https:\/\/ksquareinstitute.in\/blog\/top-10-tricky-neet-biology-diagrams\/\">Tricky Biology Diagrams Guide<\/a>\n<\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n\n<section class=\"cta-section\">\n    <h2>Boost Your NEET Rank with KSquare<\/h2>\n    <p>Get exclusive access to the Mission 180 Physics Rankers Batch and master Alternating Current with expert guidance.<\/p>\n    <div class=\"cta-buttons\">\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/courses.ksquare.co.in\/new-courses\/3-mission-180-neet-physics-rankers-batch\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\" class=\"btn btn-white\">Join the Batch<\/a>\n        <a href=\"https:\/\/ksquareinstitute.in\/free-study-material\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\" class=\"btn btn-outline\">Free Study Material<\/a>\n    <\/div>\n<\/section>\n\n\n\n<!DOCTYPE html>\n<html lang=\"en\">\n<head>\n  <meta charset=\"UTF-8\">\n  <meta name=\"viewport\" content=\"width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0\">\n  <title>Table of Contents \u2014 Physics Class 12<\/title>\n  \n  <!-- Google Fonts Import -->\n  <link rel=\"preconnect\" href=\"https:\/\/fonts.googleapis.com\">\n  <link rel=\"preconnect\" href=\"https:\/\/fonts.gstatic.com\" crossorigin>\n  <link href=\"https:\/\/fonts.googleapis.com\/css2?family=DM+Sans:ital,opsz,wght@0,9..40,100..1000;1,9..40,100..1000&#038;family=Plus+Jakarta+Sans:ital,wght@0,200..800;1,200..800&#038;display=swap\" rel=\"stylesheet\">\n  \n  <style>\n    \/* Scoped wrapper using a unique ID to prevent CSS conflicts. *\/\n    #physics-toc-wrapper {\n      font-family: 'DM Sans', sans-serif;\n      width: 100%;\n      margin: 0;\n      padding: 60px 0;\n      color: #111;\n      background: #fff;\n      -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;\n    }\n\n    #physics-toc-wrapper .container-inner {\n      width: 100%;\n      margin: 0 auto;\n      padding: 0; \/* No left\/right padding for edge-to-edge look *\/\n    }\n\n    #physics-toc-wrapper h1 {\n      font-family: 'Plus Jakarta Sans', sans-serif;\n      font-size: 0.85rem;\n      font-weight: 700;\n      color: #71717a;\n      margin: 0 0 8px;\n      letter-spacing: 0.1em;\n      text-transform: uppercase;\n      padding-left: 16px; \n    }\n\n    #physics-toc-wrapper h2 {\n      font-family: 'Plus Jakarta Sans', sans-serif;\n      font-size: 2.25rem;\n      font-weight: 800;\n      margin: 0 0 48px;\n      letter-spacing: -0.02em;\n      color: #09090b;\n      padding-left: 16px;\n    }\n\n    #physics-toc-wrapper table {\n      width: 100%;\n      border-collapse: collapse;\n      border-spacing: 0;\n      border-top: 1px solid #e4e4e7;\n      border-bottom: 1px solid #e4e4e7;\n    }\n\n    #physics-toc-wrapper tr {\n      border-bottom: 1px solid #e4e4e7;\n      transition: all 0.2s ease;\n    }\n\n    #physics-toc-wrapper tr:hover {\n      background-color: #f8fafc;\n    }\n\n    #physics-toc-wrapper tr:last-child {\n      border-bottom: none;\n    }\n\n    #physics-toc-wrapper td {\n      padding: 24px 16px;\n      vertical-align: middle;\n      font-size: 1.05rem;\n      font-weight: 500;\n      border-right: 1px solid #e4e4e7;\n    }\n\n    #physics-toc-wrapper td:last-child {\n      border-right: none;\n    }\n\n    \/* First column (Numbers) alignment and padding *\/\n    #physics-toc-wrapper td:first-child {\n      color: #a1a1aa;\n      font-size: 0.9rem;\n      width: 70px;\n      font-weight: 400;\n      font-variant-numeric: tabular-nums;\n      text-align: center;\n      padding-left: 10px;\n    }\n\n    \/* Middle column (Chapter Name) alignment and padding *\/\n    #physics-toc-wrapper td:nth-child(2) {\n      padding-left: 24px;\n      color: #18181b;\n    }\n\n    \/* Last column (Button) alignment and padding *\/\n    #physics-toc-wrapper td:last-child {\n      text-align: right;\n      width: 180px;\n      padding-right: 16px;\n    }\n\n    \/* Button Styling *\/\n    #physics-toc-wrapper a.go {\n      display: inline-block;\n      font-family: 'Plus Jakarta Sans', sans-serif;\n      font-size: 0.75rem;\n      font-weight: 800;\n      padding: 12px 24px;\n      border: 1.5px solid #18181b;\n      border-radius: 8px;\n      color: #18181b;\n      text-decoration: none;\n      letter-spacing: 0.05em;\n      text-transform: uppercase;\n      transition: all 0.2s cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1);\n      white-space: nowrap;\n    }\n\n    #physics-toc-wrapper a.go:hover {\n      background: #18181b;\n      color: #ffffff;\n      transform: translateY(-2px);\n      box-shadow: 0 4px 12px rgba(24, 24, 27, 0.15);\n    }\n\n    \/* Responsive adjustments *\/\n    @media (max-width: 768px) {\n      #physics-toc-wrapper h2 {\n        font-size: 1.75rem;\n        margin-bottom: 32px;\n      }\n      #physics-toc-wrapper td {\n        padding: 18px 12px;\n        font-size: 0.95rem;\n      }\n    }\n  <\/style>\n<\/head>\n<body>\n\n<div id=\"physics-toc-wrapper\">\n  <div class=\"container-inner\">\n    <h1>Table of Contents<\/h1>\n    <h2>Physics &mdash; Class 12<\/h2>\n    \n    <table>\n      <tr><td>01<\/td><td>Electric Charges and Fields<\/td><td><a class=\"go\" href=\"https:\/\/ksquareinstitute.in\/blog\/electric-charges-and-fields-class-12-notes-pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Go to page<\/a><\/td><\/tr>\n      <tr><td>02<\/td><td>Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance<\/td><td><a class=\"go\" href=\"https:\/\/ksquareinstitute.in\/blog\/electrostatic-potential-and-capacitance-notes-class-12\" target=\"_blank\">Go to page<\/a><\/td><\/tr>\n      <tr><td>03<\/td><td>Current Electricity<\/td><td><a class=\"go\" href=\"https:\/\/ksquareinstitute.in\/blog\/current-electricity-class-12-notes-pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Go to page<\/a><\/td><\/tr>\n      <tr><td>04<\/td><td>Moving Charges and Magnetism<\/td><td><a class=\"go\" href=\"https:\/\/ksquareinstitute.in\/blog\/moving-charges-and-magnetism-class-12-notes\" target=\"_blank\">Go to page<\/a><\/td><\/tr>\n      <tr><td>05<\/td><td>Magnetism and Matter<\/td><td><a class=\"go\" href=\"https:\/\/ksquareinstitute.in\/blog\/magnetism-and-matter-class-12-notes-pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Go to page<\/a><\/td><\/tr>\n      <tr><td>06<\/td><td>Electromagnetic Induction<\/td><td><a class=\"go\" href=\"https:\/\/ksquareinstitute.in\/blog\/electromagnetic-induction-class-12-notes\" target=\"_blank\">Go to page<\/a><\/td><\/tr>\n      <tr><td>07<\/td><td>Alternating Current<\/td><td><a class=\"go\" href=\"https:\/\/ksquareinstitute.in\/blog\/alternating-current-class-12-notes\" target=\"_blank\">Go to page<\/a><\/td><\/tr>\n      <tr><td>08<\/td><td>Electromagnetic Waves<\/td><td><a class=\"go\" href=\"https:\/\/ksquareinstitute.in\/blog\/electromagnetic-waves-class-12-notes\" target=\"_blank\">Go to page<\/a><\/td><\/tr>\n      <tr><td>09<\/td><td>Ray Optics and Optical Instruments<\/td><td><a class=\"go\" href=\"https:\/\/ksquareinstitute.in\/blog\/ray-optics-and-optical-instruments-class-12\" target=\"_blank\">Go to page<\/a><\/td><\/tr>\n      <tr><td>10<\/td><td>Wave Optics<\/td><td><a class=\"go\" href=\"https:\/\/ksquareinstitute.in\/blog\/wave-optics-class-12-notes-pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Go to page<\/a><\/td><\/tr>\n      <tr><td>11<\/td><td>Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter<\/td><td><a class=\"go\" href=\"https:\/\/ksquareinstitute.in\/blog\/dual-nature-of-radiation-and-matter-class-12\" target=\"_blank\">Go to page<\/a><\/td><\/tr>\n      <tr><td>12<\/td><td>Atoms<\/td><td><a class=\"go\" href=\"https:\/\/ksquareinstitute.in\/blog\/atoms-class-12-notes\" target=\"_blank\">Go to page<\/a><\/td><\/tr>\n      <tr><td>13<\/td><td>Nuclei<\/td><td><a class=\"go\" href=\"https:\/\/ksquareinstitute.in\/blog\/nuclei-class-12-notes\" target=\"_blank\">Go to page<\/a><\/td><\/tr>\n      <tr><td>14<\/td><td>Semiconductor Electronics<\/td><td><a class=\"go\" href=\"https:\/\/ksquareinstitute.in\/blog\/semiconductor-electronics-class-12-notes\" target=\"_blank\">Go to page<\/a><\/td><\/tr>\n    <\/table>\n  <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<\/body>\n<\/html>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>01 Introduction to Alternating Current (AC) For any medical aspirant, mastering Alternating Current class 12 notes is pivotal for scoring high in the Physics section. Unlike Direct Current (DC), which flows in a single constant direction, Alternating Current is characterized by its periodic reversal of direction and continuous change in magnitude. In our daily lives, [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[127],"tags":[224,223,229,222,230,225,228,227,226,216],"class_list":["post-3991","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-free-study-material","tag-ac-class-12-physics-notes","tag-ac-formulas-class-12","tag-ac-numericals-class-12","tag-alternating-current-class-12-notes","tag-cbse-class-12-physics-ac-chapter","tag-lcr-circuit-class-12","tag-power-factor-physics","tag-resonance-in-ac-circuit","tag-rms-value-class-12","tag-transformer-class-12-physics"],"blocksy_meta":{"page_structure_type":"type-1","styles_descriptor":{"styles":{"desktop":"","tablet":"","mobile":""},"google_fonts":[],"version":6}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/ksquareinstitute.in\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3991","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/ksquareinstitute.in\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/ksquareinstitute.in\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ksquareinstitute.in\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ksquareinstitute.in\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3991"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/ksquareinstitute.in\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3991\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4224,"href":"https:\/\/ksquareinstitute.in\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3991\/revisions\/4224"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/ksquareinstitute.in\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3991"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ksquareinstitute.in\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3991"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ksquareinstitute.in\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3991"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}