{"id":3958,"date":"2026-03-28T06:41:27","date_gmt":"2026-03-28T06:41:27","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ksquareinstitute.in\/blog\/?p=3958"},"modified":"2026-04-03T12:17:34","modified_gmt":"2026-04-03T12:17:34","slug":"thermal-properties-of-matter-11-notes","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ksquareinstitute.in\/blog\/thermal-properties-of-matter-11-notes\/","title":{"rendered":"Thermal Properties of Matter 11 Notes: Comprehensive NEET Physics Guide"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<style>\n@import url('https:\/\/fonts.googleapis.com\/css2?family=DM+Sans:ital,wght@0,300;0,400;0,500;0,600;1,400&family=JetBrains+Mono:wght@400;500;700&family=Plus+Jakarta+Sans:wght@400;600;700;800&display=swap');\n\n:root {\n--accent: #e8600a;\n--accent-light: #fff3ec;\n--accent-mid: #fde3cc;\n--dark: #111827;\n--text: #1a1a1a;\n--text-muted: #4b5563;\n--border: #e5e7eb;\n--green-bg: #f0fdf4;\n--green-border: #16a34a;\n--blue-bg: #eff6ff;\n--blue-border: #3b82f6;\n}\n\nbody {\nmargin: 0;\npadding: 0;\nfont-family: 'DM Sans', sans-serif;\ncolor: var(--text);\nline-height: 1.6;\nbackground: #fff;\n}\n\n.content-wrapper {\nwidth: 100%;\npadding: 0;\n}\n\n@media (max-width: 640px) {\n.content-wrapper {\npadding: 0 10px;\n}\n}\n\nh1, h2, h3 {\nfont-family: 'Plus Jakarta Sans', sans-serif;\ncolor: var(--dark);\n}\n\nh1 { font-size: 2.5rem; 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border-color: #fed7aa; }\n.callout-tip { background: var(--blue-bg); border-color: #bfdbfe; }\n.pill {\ndisplay: inline-block;\npadding: 2px 10px;\nborder-radius: 999px;\nfont-size: 0.7rem;\nfont-weight: 800;\nmargin-bottom: 8px;\n}\n.pill-orange { background: var(--accent); color: white; }\n.pill-blue { background: var(--blue-border); color: white; }\n\ntable {\nwidth: 100%;\nborder-collapse: collapse;\nmargin: 25px 0;\n}\nthead tr { background: var(--dark); color: white; }\nth { padding: 15px; text-align: left; font-family: 'Plus Jakarta Sans', sans-serif; font-weight: 700; }\ntd { padding: 15px; border-bottom: 1px solid var(--border); }\ntbody tr:hover { background: #fafafa; }\n\n.grid-cards {\ndisplay: grid;\ngrid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr;\ngap: 20px;\nmargin: 30px 0;\n}\n@media (max-width: 768px) { .grid-cards { grid-template-columns: 1fr; } }\n.card {\nbackground: #f9fafb;\nborder: 1px solid var(--border);\nborder-radius: 10px;\npadding: 20px;\n}\n.card-title {\ncolor: var(--accent);\nfont-size: 0.75rem;\nfont-weight: 800;\ntext-transform: uppercase;\nmargin-bottom: 10px;\ndisplay: block;\n}\n.card-text { color: var(--text-muted); font-size: 0.95rem; }\n\ndetails { margin-bottom: 10px; border: 1px solid var(--border); border-radius: 8px; overflow: hidden; }\nsummary {\npadding: 16px 20px;\nbackground: #fafafa;\nfont-family: 'Plus Jakarta Sans', sans-serif;\nfont-weight: 700;\ncursor: pointer;\ndisplay: flex;\njustify-content: space-between;\nalign-items: center;\nlist-style: none;\n}\nsummary::-webkit-details-marker { display: none; }\nsummary::after {\ncontent: '+';\nwidth: 28px;\nheight: 28px;\nbackground: var(--accent);\ncolor: white;\nborder-radius: 50%;\ndisplay: flex;\nalign-items: center;\njustify-content: center;\n}\ndetails[open] summary { background: var(--accent-light); color: var(--accent); }\ndetails[open] summary::after { content: '\u2212'; }\n.faq-content { padding: 16px 20px; color: var(--text-muted); background: white; }\n\n.revision-box {\nbackground: var(--green-bg);\nborder: 2px solid var(--green-border);\nborder-radius: 12px;\npadding: 25px;\nmargin: 40px 0;\n}\n.revision-box h3 { color: var(--green-border); margin-top: 0; }\n.revision-box ul { list-style: none; padding: 0; }\n.revision-box li {\ncolor: #166534;\nmargin-bottom: 10px;\npadding-left: 25px;\nposition: relative;\n}\n.revision-box li::before {\ncontent: '\u2713';\nposition: absolute;\nleft: 0;\nfont-weight: 900;\n}\n\n.internal-links {\nbackground: #f9fafb;\nborder: 1px solid var(--border);\nborder-radius: 10px;\npadding: 20px;\nmargin: 30px 0;\n}\n.internal-links a {\ncolor: var(--accent);\ntext-decoration: none;\nfont-weight: 600;\ndisplay: block;\nmargin-bottom: 8px;\n}\n\n.download-btn {\ndisplay: inline-flex;\nalign-items: center;\ngap: 10px;\nbackground: var(--dark);\ncolor: white;\npadding: 12px 24px;\nborder-radius: 8px;\ntext-decoration: none;\nfont-weight: 600;\nmargin: 20px 0;\n}\n\n.cta-section {\nbackground: linear-gradient(135deg, #e8600a, #c2410c, #9a3412);\npadding: 60px 20px;\ntext-align: center;\ncolor: white;\n}\n.cta-section h2 { color: white; margin-top: 0; justify-content: center; }\n.cta-section p { color: rgba(255,255,255,0.85); max-width: 700px; margin: 0 auto 30px; }\n.btn-group { display: flex; gap: 15px; justify-content: center; flex-wrap: wrap; }\n.btn-white { background: white; color: var(--accent); padding: 12px 30px; border-radius: 6px; text-decoration: none; font-weight: 700; }\n.btn-outline { border: 2px solid white; color: white; padding: 10px 28px; border-radius: 6px; text-decoration: none; font-weight: 700; }\n<\/style>\n\n<div class=\"content-wrapper\">\n<h2><div class=\"badge\">01<\/div>Introduction to Thermal Properties of Matter<\/h2>\n<p>Thermal properties of matter explore how physical substances interact with heat energy and temperature changes. For NEET aspirants, mastering <strong>Thermal Properties of Matter 11 Notes<\/strong> is crucial as this chapter bridges the gap between basic mechanics and thermodynamics. Whether it is the expansion of bridges in summer or why water acts as an exceptional coolant, the principles of thermal physics explain the &#8220;why&#8221; behind these phenomena.<\/p>\n\n<div class=\"callout callout-tip\">\n<span class=\"pill pill-blue\">TIP<\/span>\nAlways visualize heat as energy in transit. Unlike temperature, which is a state, heat is a process of transfer driven by a gradient.\n<\/div>\n\n<h2><div class=\"badge\">02<\/div>Temperature and Heat: The Fundamentals<\/h2>\n<p>Temperature is a macroscopic property that indicates the degree of hotness or coldness, essentially measuring the average kinetic energy of molecules. Heat, measured in Joules (J), is the actual energy transferred between systems due to a temperature difference.<\/p>\n\n<div class=\"formula-dark\">\n<span class=\"formula-label\">Temperature Conversion<\/span>\n<code>K = \u00b0C + 273.15<\/code>\n<\/div>\n\n<p>In NEET physics, understanding the Kelvin scale is non-negotiable as it is the SI unit and the absolute scale used in almost all gas law calculations. The triple point of water (273.16 K) serves as a fundamental reference point in modern thermometry.<\/p>\n\n<h2><div class=\"badge\">03<\/div>Measurement of Temperature and Thermometry<\/h2>\n<p>Thermometers rely on measurable physical properties that change linearly with temperature. This includes the expansion of liquids (Mercury), pressure changes in gases, or electrical resistance in semiconductors. Calibration involves two fixed points: the ice point and the steam point.<\/p>\n\n<div class=\"grid-cards\">\n<div class=\"card\">\n<span class=\"card-title\">Fixed Points<\/span>\n<p class=\"card-text\">Standard points like the freezing and boiling points of water at 1 atm pressure used for scale calibration.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"card\">\n<span class=\"card-title\">Thermometric Property<\/span>\n<p class=\"card-text\">Any physical property (volume, pressure, resistance) that varies continuously and uniquely with temperature.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<a href=\"https:\/\/courses.ksquare.co.in\/new-courses\/3-mission-180-neet-physics-rankers-batch\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\" style=\"display:block; margin-bottom:20px;\">\n<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/ksquareinstitute.in\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/Course-Poromo-Banner-scaled.png\" alt=\"Mission 180 NEET Physics Rankers Batch - KSquare Career Institute\" style=\"width:100%; height:auto; border-radius:10px; display:block;\">\n<\/a>\n\n<h2><div class=\"badge\">04<\/div>Thermal Expansion of Solids and Liquids<\/h2>\n<p>Most substances expand when heated. This happens because increased thermal energy leads to larger molecular vibrations, increasing the average distance between atoms. In <strong>Thermal Properties of Matter 11 Notes<\/strong>, expansion is categorized into three dimensions:<\/p>\n\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Linear Expansion (\u03b1):<\/strong> Change in length per unit length.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Area Expansion (\u03b2):<\/strong> Change in surface area per unit area (\u03b2=2\u03b1).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Volume Expansion (\u03b3):<\/strong> Change in volume per unit volume (\u03b3=3\u03b1).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<div class=\"formula-orange\">\n<span class=\"formula-label\">Linear Expansion Formula<\/span>\n<code>\u0394L = \u03b1 L\u2080 \u0394T<\/code>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"callout callout-warning\">\n<span class=\"pill pill-orange\">WARN<\/span>\nBe careful with units. Ensure \u0394T is in Celsius or Kelvin (the difference is the same), but L \n0\n\u200b\n  and \u0394L must match.\n<\/div>\n\n<h2><div class=\"badge\">05<\/div>Anomalous Expansion of Water<\/h2>\n<p>Water exhibits a unique behavior: it contracts when heated from 0 \n\u2218\n C to 4 \n\u2218\n C. Consequently, water has its maximum density at 4 \n\u2218\n C. This anomalous expansion is the reason why lakes freeze from the top down, allowing aquatic life to survive in the liquid water beneath the ice crust.<\/p>\ndensity of water vs temperature graph, AI generated\nShutterstock\n\n<h2><div class=\"badge\">06<\/div>Specific Heat Capacity and Calorimetry<\/h2>\n<p>Specific heat capacity (c) is the heat required to raise the temperature of 1 kg of a substance by 1 K (or 1 \n\u2218\n C). Calorimetry is the experimental technique used to measure these heat exchanges, strictly following the Principle of Mixtures.<\/p>\n\n<div class=\"formula-dark\">\n<span class=\"formula-label\">Heat Exchange Equation<\/span>\n<code>Q = m c \u0394T<\/code>\n<\/div>\n\n<p><strong>Calorimetry Principle:<\/strong> In an isolated system, Heat Lost by Hot Body = Heat Gained by Cold Body.<\/p>\n\n<div class=\"formula-orange\">\n<span class=\"formula-label\">Principle of Mixtures<\/span>\n<code>m\u2081 c\u2081 (T\u2081 - T_mix) = m\u2082 c\u2082 (T_mix - T\u2082)<\/code>\n<\/div>\n\n<h2><div class=\"badge\">07<\/div>Change of State and Latent Heat<\/h2>\n<p>Phase changes occur at constant temperature. The energy supplied during this phase is used to break intermolecular bonds rather than increasing kinetic energy (temperature). This hidden heat is called Latent Heat.<\/p>\n\n<div class=\"grid-cards\">\n<div class=\"card\">\n<span class=\"card-title\">Latent Heat of Fusion<\/span>\n<p class=\"card-text\">Heat required to convert unit mass from solid to liquid at its melting point (L \nf\n\u200b\n  for ice = 80 cal\/g).<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"card\">\n<span class=\"card-title\">Latent Heat of Vaporization<\/span>\n<p class=\"card-text\">Heat required to convert unit mass from liquid to gas at its boiling point (L \nv\n\u200b\n  for water = 540 cal\/g).<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"formula-dark\">\n<span class=\"formula-label\">Phase Change Formula<\/span>\n<code>Q = m L<\/code>\n<\/div>\n\n<a href=\"https:\/\/ksquareinstitute.in\/neet-2026-rank-predictor\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\" style=\"display:block; margin-bottom:20px;\">\n<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/ksquareinstitute.in\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/neet-2026-college-and-rank-predictor-scaled.png\" alt=\"NEET 2026 Rank Predictor - KSquare Career Institute\" style=\"width:100%; height:auto; border-radius:10px; display:block;\">\n<\/a>\n\n<div class=\"internal-links\">\n<strong>Boost Your NEET Preparation:<\/strong>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/ksquareinstitute.in\/blog\/neet-physics-survival-kit-2026\/\">NEET Physics Survival Kit 2026<\/a>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/ksquareinstitute.in\/blog\/neet-biology-tricks-for-exams\/\">NEET Biology Tricks for Exams<\/a>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/ksquareinstitute.in\/blog\/top-10-tricky-neet-biology-diagrams\/\">Top 10 Tricky NEET Biology Diagrams<\/a>\n<\/div>\n\n<h2><div class=\"badge\">08<\/div>Heat Transfer: Conduction, Convection, and Radiation<\/h2>\n<p>Heat energy moves through matter or space in three distinct ways. For NEET, numerical problems often focus on steady-state conduction and the Stefan-Boltzmann law for radiation.<\/p>\n\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Mode<\/th>\n<th>Medium Required<\/th>\n<th>Mechanism<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>Conduction<\/td>\n<td>Yes (Solids)<\/td>\n<td>Molecular vibration without bulk movement<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Convection<\/td>\n<td>Yes (Fluids)<\/td>\n<td>Actual movement of heated particles<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Radiation<\/td>\n<td>No<\/td>\n<td>Electromagnetic waves (Speed of light)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n<div class=\"formula-orange\">\n<span class=\"formula-label\">Thermal Conductivity (Rate of flow)<\/span>\n<code>H = (K A \u0394T) \/ L<\/code>\n<\/div>\n\n<h2><div class=\"badge\">09<\/div>Newton\u2019s Law of Cooling<\/h2>\n<p>The rate of cooling of a body is proportional to the difference in temperature between the body and its surroundings. This is an approximation valid for small temperature differences.<\/p>\n\n<div class=\"formula-dark\">\n<span class=\"formula-label\">Rate of Cooling<\/span>\n<code>-dT\/dt = K (T - T_s)<\/code>\n<\/div>\n\n<p>For numerical problems in NEET, we often use the average form:\n<code>(T\u2081 - T\u2082) \/ t = K [(T\u2081 + T\u2082) \/ 2 - T_s]<\/code><\/p>\n\n<h2><div class=\"badge\">10<\/div>Stefan\u2013Boltzmann Law and Black Body Radiation<\/h2>\n<p>All objects emit thermal radiation. A perfect absorber and emitter is called a Black Body. The Stefan-Boltzmann law quantifies the total power radiated by a body at absolute temperature T.<\/p>\n\n<div class=\"formula-orange\">\n<span class=\"formula-label\">Stefan-Boltzmann Equation<\/span>\n<code>E = \u03c3 A e T\u2074<\/code>\n<\/div>\n<p>Where \u03c3 is Stefan&#8217;s constant (5.67\u00d710 \n\u22128\n  W m \n\u22122\n  K \n\u22124\n ) and e is emissivity.<\/p>\n\n<h2><div class=\"badge\">11<\/div>Conceptual Numerical Framework<\/h2>\n<p>To excel in the Thermal Properties of Matter 11 Notes section of NEET, you must master the following steps:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Identify if the process involves a temperature change (mc\u0394T) or a phase change (mL).<\/li>\n<li>Apply the law of conservation of energy (Heat lost = Heat gained).<\/li>\n<li>For conduction problems, draw an analogy with electrical circuits (Thermal Resistance R=L\/KA).<\/li>\n<li>For radiation, always use Temperature in Kelvin.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n<a href=\"#\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\" class=\"download-btn\">\n<svg width=\"20\" height=\"20\" fill=\"currentColor\" viewBox=\"0 0 20 20\"><path d=\"M3 17a1 1 0 011-1h12a1 1 0 110 2H4a1 1 0 01-1-1zm3.293-7.707a1 1 0 011.414 0L9 10.586V3a1 1 0 112 0v7.586l1.293-1.293a1 1 0 111.414 1.414l-3 3a1 1 0 01-1.414 0l-3-3a1 1 0 010-1.414z\"\/><\/svg>\nDownload Formula Sheet PDF\n<\/a>\n\n<h2><div class=\"badge\">12<\/div>NEET PYQ Trends Table<\/h2>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Topic<\/th>\n<th>Frequency<\/th>\n<th>Key Focus Area<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>Thermal Expansion<\/td>\n<td>High<\/td>\n<td>Bimetallic strips &#038; Pendulum clocks<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Calorimetry<\/td>\n<td>Very High<\/td>\n<td>Ice-Water-Steam mixtures<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Heat Transfer<\/td>\n<td>Medium<\/td>\n<td>Equivalent Conductivity in series\/parallel<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Radiation<\/td>\n<td>High<\/td>\n<td>Wien\u2019s Displacement Law &#038; Stefan\u2019s Law<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n<div class=\"revision-box\">\n<h3>Quick Revision: Key Takeaways<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Heat flows from higher to lower temperature.<\/li>\n<li>Specific heat of water is 1 cal\/g \n\u2218\n C or 4200 J\/kg K.<\/li>\n<li>\u03b1:\u03b2:\u03b3=1:2:3 for isotropic solids.<\/li>\n<li>Water has minimum volume and maximum density at 4 \n\u2218\n C.<\/li>\n<li>Latent heat of ice is 80 cal\/g; Steam is 540 cal\/g.<\/li>\n<li>In steady state conduction, the rate of heat flow is constant.<\/li>\n<li>Wien&#8217;s Law: \u03bb \nmax\n\u200b\n T=constant.<\/li>\n<li>Newtons Law of Cooling is a special case of Stefan&#8217;s Law.<\/li>\n<li>Absorptive power of a black body is 1.<\/li>\n<li>Thermal resistance R \nth\n\u200b\n =\u0394T\/H.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n\n<h2><div class=\"badge\">13<\/div>Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)<\/h2>\n\n<details>\n<summary>Why does water have high specific heat capacity?<\/summary>\n<div class=\"faq-content\">\nWater has strong hydrogen bonding between its molecules. A significant amount of energy is required to break these bonds and increase the molecular kinetic energy, leading to a high specific heat capacity.\n<\/div>\n<\/details>\n\n<details>\n<summary>What is the difference between Heat and Internal Energy?<\/summary>\n<div class=\"faq-content\">\nInternal energy is the total energy (kinetic + potential) stored within the molecules of a body. Heat is only the energy that is being transferred between bodies due to temperature differences.\n<\/div>\n<\/details>\n\n<details>\n<summary>Does the value of \u03b1 depend on the unit of length?<\/summary>\n<div class=\"faq-content\">\nNo, the coefficient of linear expansion \u03b1 is a ratio of change in length to original length. Therefore, it is independent of the unit of length but depends on the unit of temperature.\n<\/div>\n<\/details>\n\n<details>\n<summary>What is a perfectly black body?<\/summary>\n<div class=\"faq-content\">\nA perfectly black body is one which absorbs all the thermal radiation incident on it, regardless of wavelength or direction. Ferry\u2019s black body is a practical approximation.\n<\/div>\n<\/details>\n\n<details>\n<summary>How is thermal resistance calculated for rods in series?<\/summary>\n<div class=\"faq-content\">\nFor rods in series, the total thermal resistance is the sum of individual resistances: R \ntotal\n\u200b\n =R \n1\n\u200b\n +R \n2\n\u200b\n +\u22ef+R \nn\n\u200b\n .\n<\/div>\n<\/details>\n\n<h2><div class=\"badge\">14<\/div>Common Mistakes to Avoid<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Temperature Units:<\/strong> Forgetting to convert Celsius to Kelvin in Radiation (T \n4\n ) problems.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Latent vs Specific:<\/strong> Adding heat to change temperature when a substance is already at its melting\/boiling point.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Phase Check:<\/strong> Not checking if the heat supplied is enough to melt the entire mass of ice in calorimetry problems.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Sign Convention:<\/strong> Misinterpreting &#8220;rate of cooling&#8221; which already implies a negative sign for heat loss.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<div class=\"cta-section\">\n<h2>Master Physics for NEET 2026<\/h2>\n<p>Join thousands of successful medical aspirants. Get structured video lectures, detailed notes like these, and personalized mentorship to score 180\/180 in Physics.<\/p>\n<div class=\"btn-group\">\n<a href=\"https:\/\/courses.ksquare.co.in\/new-courses\/3-mission-180-neet-physics-rankers-batch\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\" class=\"btn-white\">Enroll in Mission 180<\/a>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/ksquareinstitute.in\/free-study-material\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\" class=\"btn-outline\">Free Study Material<\/a>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<!DOCTYPE html>\n<html lang=\"en\">\n<head>\n  <meta charset=\"UTF-8\">\n  <meta name=\"viewport\" content=\"width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0\">\n  <title>Table of Contents \u2014 Physics Class 11<\/title>\n  \n  <!-- Google Fonts Import -->\n  <link rel=\"preconnect\" href=\"https:\/\/fonts.googleapis.com\">\n  <link rel=\"preconnect\" href=\"https:\/\/fonts.gstatic.com\" crossorigin>\n  <link href=\"https:\/\/fonts.googleapis.com\/css2?family=DM+Sans:ital,opsz,wght@0,9..40,100..1000;1,9..40,100..1000&#038;family=Plus+Jakarta+Sans:ital,wght@0,200..800;1,200..800&#038;display=swap\" rel=\"stylesheet\">\n  \n  <style>\n    \/* Scoped wrapper using a unique ID to prevent CSS conflicts. *\/\n    #physics-toc-wrapper {\n      font-family: 'DM Sans', sans-serif;\n      width: 100%;\n      margin: 0;\n      padding: 60px 0;\n      color: #111;\n      background: #fff;\n      -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;\n    }\n\n    #physics-toc-wrapper .container-inner {\n      width: 100%;\n      margin: 0 auto;\n      padding: 0; \/* Set left\/right padding to 0 *\/\n    }\n\n    #physics-toc-wrapper h1 {\n      font-family: 'Plus Jakarta Sans', sans-serif;\n      font-size: 0.85rem;\n      font-weight: 700;\n      color: #71717a;\n      margin: 0 0 8px;\n      letter-spacing: 0.1em;\n      text-transform: uppercase;\n      padding-left: 16px; \/* Keeping a small offset for headings so they aren't touching the screen edge *\/\n    }\n\n    #physics-toc-wrapper h2 {\n      font-family: 'Plus Jakarta Sans', sans-serif;\n      font-size: 2.25rem;\n      font-weight: 800;\n      margin: 0 0 48px;\n      letter-spacing: -0.02em;\n      color: #09090b;\n      padding-left: 16px; \/* Keeping a small offset for headings *\/\n    }\n\n    #physics-toc-wrapper table {\n      width: 100%;\n      border-collapse: collapse;\n      border-spacing: 0;\n      \/* Border-left and border-right set to none or removed if you want it truly edge-to-edge with the screen *\/\n      border-top: 1px solid #e4e4e7;\n      border-bottom: 1px solid #e4e4e7;\n    }\n\n    #physics-toc-wrapper tr {\n      border-bottom: 1px solid #e4e4e7;\n      transition: all 0.2s ease;\n    }\n\n    #physics-toc-wrapper tr:hover {\n      background-color: #f8fafc;\n    }\n\n    #physics-toc-wrapper tr:last-child {\n      border-bottom: none;\n    }\n\n    #physics-toc-wrapper td {\n      padding: 24px 16px;\n      vertical-align: middle;\n      font-size: 1.05rem;\n      font-weight: 500;\n      border-right: 1px solid #e4e4e7;\n    }\n\n    #physics-toc-wrapper td:last-child {\n      border-right: none;\n    }\n\n    \/* First column (Numbers) alignment and padding *\/\n    #physics-toc-wrapper td:first-child {\n      color: #a1a1aa;\n      font-size: 0.9rem;\n      width: 70px;\n      font-weight: 400;\n      font-variant-numeric: tabular-nums;\n      text-align: center;\n      padding-left: 10px;\n    }\n\n    \/* Middle column (Chapter Name) alignment and padding *\/\n    #physics-toc-wrapper td:nth-child(2) {\n      padding-left: 24px;\n      color: #18181b;\n    }\n\n    \/* Last column (Button) alignment and padding *\/\n    #physics-toc-wrapper td:last-child {\n      text-align: right;\n      width: 180px;\n      padding-right: 16px;\n    }\n\n    \/* Button Styling *\/\n    #physics-toc-wrapper a.go {\n      display: inline-block;\n      font-family: 'Plus Jakarta Sans', sans-serif;\n      font-size: 0.75rem;\n      font-weight: 800;\n      padding: 12px 24px;\n      border: 1.5px solid #18181b;\n      border-radius: 8px;\n      color: #18181b;\n      text-decoration: none;\n      letter-spacing: 0.05em;\n      text-transform: uppercase;\n      transition: all 0.2s cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1);\n      white-space: nowrap;\n    }\n\n    #physics-toc-wrapper a.go:hover {\n      background: #18181b;\n      color: #ffffff;\n      transform: translateY(-2px);\n      box-shadow: 0 4px 12px rgba(24, 24, 27, 0.15);\n    }\n\n    \/* Responsive adjustments *\/\n    @media (max-width: 768px) {\n      #physics-toc-wrapper h2 {\n        font-size: 1.75rem;\n        margin-bottom: 32px;\n      }\n      #physics-toc-wrapper td {\n        padding: 18px 12px;\n        font-size: 0.95rem;\n      }\n    }\n  <\/style>\n<\/head>\n<body>\n\n<div id=\"physics-toc-wrapper\">\n  <div class=\"container-inner\">\n    <h1>Table of Contents<\/h1>\n    <h2>Physics &mdash; Class 11<\/h2>\n    \n    <table>\n      <tr><td>01<\/td><td>Units and Measurements<\/td><td><a class=\"go\" href=\"https:\/\/ksquareinstitute.in\/blog\/units-and-measurements-class-11-notes\" target=\"_blank\">Go to page<\/a><\/td><\/tr>\n      <tr><td>02<\/td><td>Motion in a Straight Line<\/td><td><a class=\"go\" href=\"https:\/\/ksquareinstitute.in\/blog\/motion-in-a-straight-line-class-11-notes\" target=\"_blank\">Go to page<\/a><\/td><\/tr>\n      <tr><td>03<\/td><td>Motion in a Plane<\/td><td><a class=\"go\" href=\"https:\/\/ksquareinstitute.in\/blog\/motion-in-a-plane-class-11-notes\" target=\"_blank\">Go to page<\/a><\/td><\/tr>\n      <tr><td>04<\/td><td>Laws of Motion<\/td><td><a class=\"go\" href=\"https:\/\/ksquareinstitute.in\/blog\/laws-of-motion-class-11-notes\" target=\"_blank\">Go to page<\/a><\/td><\/tr>\n      <tr><td>05<\/td><td>Work, Energy and Power<\/td><td><a class=\"go\" href=\"https:\/\/ksquareinstitute.in\/blog\/work-energy-and-power-class-11-notes\" target=\"_blank\">Go to page<\/a><\/td><\/tr>\n      <tr><td>06<\/td><td>System of Particles and Rotational Motion<\/td><td><a class=\"go\" href=\"https:\/\/ksquareinstitute.in\/blog\/system-of-particles-and-rotational-motion-class-11-notes\" target=\"_blank\">Go to page<\/a><\/td><\/tr>\n      <tr><td>07<\/td><td>Gravitation<\/td><td><a class=\"go\" href=\"https:\/\/ksquareinstitute.in\/blog\/gravitation-class-11-notes\" target=\"_blank\">Go to page<\/a><\/td><\/tr>\n      <tr><td>08<\/td><td>Mechanical Properties of Solids<\/td><td><a class=\"go\" href=\"https:\/\/ksquareinstitute.in\/blog\/mechanical-properties-of-solids-class-11-notes\" target=\"_blank\">Go to page<\/a><\/td><\/tr>\n      <tr><td>09<\/td><td>Mechanical Properties of Fluids<\/td><td><a class=\"go\" href=\"https:\/\/ksquareinstitute.in\/blog\/mechanical-properties-of-fluids-11-notes\" target=\"_blank\">Go to page<\/a><\/td><\/tr>\n      <tr><td>10<\/td><td>Thermal Properties of Matter<\/td><td><a class=\"go\" href=\"https:\/\/ksquareinstitute.in\/blog\/thermal-properties-of-matter-11-notes\" target=\"_blank\">Go to page<\/a><\/td><\/tr>\n      <tr><td>11<\/td><td>Thermodynamics<\/td><td><a class=\"go\" href=\"https:\/\/ksquareinstitute.in\/blog\/thermodynamics-11-notes\" target=\"_blank\">Go to page<\/a><\/td><\/tr>\n      <tr><td>12<\/td><td>Kinetic Theory<\/td><td><a class=\"go\" href=\"https:\/\/ksquareinstitute.in\/blog\/kinetic-theory-11-notes\" target=\"_blank\">Go to page<\/a><\/td><\/tr>\n      <tr><td>13<\/td><td>Oscillations<\/td><td><a class=\"go\" href=\"https:\/\/ksquareinstitute.in\/blog\/oscillations-11-notes\" target=\"_blank\">Go to page<\/a><\/td><\/tr>\n      <tr><td>14<\/td><td>Waves<\/td><td><a class=\"go\" href=\"https:\/\/ksquareinstitute.in\/blog\/waves-11-notes\" target=\"_blank\">Go to page<\/a><\/td><\/tr>\n    <\/table>\n  <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<\/body>\n<\/html>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>01 Introduction to Thermal Properties of Matter Thermal properties of matter explore how physical substances interact with heat energy and temperature changes. For NEET aspirants, mastering Thermal Properties of Matter 11 Notes is crucial as this chapter bridges the gap between basic mechanics and thermodynamics. Whether it is the expansion of bridges in summer or [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[127],"tags":[150,151,154,152,149,153,148],"class_list":["post-3958","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-free-study-material","tag-calorimetry","tag-class-11-physics-notes","tag-heat-transfer-physics","tag-latent-heat","tag-specific-heat-capacity","tag-thermal-expansion","tag-thermal-properties-of-matter-11-notes"],"blocksy_meta":{"page_structure_type":"type-1","styles_descriptor":{"styles":{"desktop":"","tablet":"","mobile":""},"google_fonts":[],"version":6}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/ksquareinstitute.in\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3958","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/ksquareinstitute.in\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/ksquareinstitute.in\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ksquareinstitute.in\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ksquareinstitute.in\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3958"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/ksquareinstitute.in\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3958\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4213,"href":"https:\/\/ksquareinstitute.in\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3958\/revisions\/4213"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/ksquareinstitute.in\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3958"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ksquareinstitute.in\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3958"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ksquareinstitute.in\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3958"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}